A New Kind of Structure

1. Describe the structural problems HP had. When Mark Hurd assumed his modern role as CEO of HP, he soon realized that many a(prenominal) of the companys structural problems were related to the fact that eleven layers of counsel separated him from HPs customers. Top corporate customers of the company told him that they did non know whom to contact at HP to respond to their questions. HPs head of corporate technology said that she had to wait three months to sacrosanct approval to hire 100 sales specialists.Moreover, HPs salespeople were adequate to spend only about one-third of the time with customers the remainder of their working day was spent in negotiating the bureaucracy inside of HP. 2. How did Mark Hurd decide to extension his companys structural problems? What do you count on of his changes? How do you animadvert the companys customers responded to these changes? How about the companys executives and sales root for? In attempting to remedy the structural problems at his company, Mark Hurd first over(p) the employment of underperformers and eliminated three layers of sales management.He also eliminated one sales convocation and merged those sales representatives into the remaining sales groups. Company executives and members of the sales exponent are likely pleased that the increased efficiency in the constitution enables them to make decisions more speedily and to spend more time interacting with customers. Customers must(prenominal) be more satisfied to see that their needs and concerns are universe met more effectively and efficiently. 3. Would a more mechanistic or a more organic grammatical construction be appropriate for HP? why?Considering the rapidly changing nature of the products, and particularly the services, offered by HP, the appropriate bodily structure for this company would have many characteristics of an organic structure. Changing times and big competition within its industry require that HP be quickly responsive an d proactive in its corporate strategy an organic structure would be more conducive to this type of strategy. 4. What role do you think organizational structure plays in an organizations efficiency and authorization?Explain. Organizational structure plays a key role in alter a company to function smoothly, to remain responsive to its internal and immaterial stakeholders, and to adapt to changes in the marketplace. Innovation is facilitated by fewer layers of management, and students have already learned that the survival and success of a company is usually restricted upon its ability to function as a learning organization that promotes innovation.

Overview of Learning Styles Essay

chi messeledge is a very(prenominal) in-person experience for every person individually, However, I had not nail the extent of how personal, education rattling is in reality. I was amazed all(prenominal) week as I learned about encyclopedism with personal Learning Patterns, how each pattern works, and how my use of each pattern affects not only the way I learn but the way I work, perform tasks, and interact with others. I was blown away by the unfathomed effects these Learning Patterns can earn, both positively and negatively, if not employ properly. Before this line of reasoning, my definition of attainment was very generic, stating that learning is integral to supremacy and that one should strive to learn as much as possible. eyepatch I know that those statements and beliefs are true, I would now define learning as a very personal and individual process of acquiring information based on an individuals personal learning patterns and how they obtain, retain, and apply that information.To someone who has not taken this style, I would explain that learning is actually easier, when they know how they learn as an individual. I would explain the 4 learning patterns with brief descriptions of each and a short example of how each one works, why they are important, and how they help in regards to learning and interacting with others, or performing specific tasks. I would let them know that when you learn apply these patterns, you are learning with Intention, and Intentional learning brings out the best in them and in the successful completion of their goals and dreams I establish always love learning and embrace it with an open mind and a willingness to absorb as much knowledge as I possibly can My Learning Pattern scores are as conjoins Sequence- 26 Precision-31 Technical reasoning-19 and Confluence-26 Typically, I defy used Sequence, Precision, and Confluence frequently in my life in everything from being a parent, to work related issues and achi eving goals.Although, until now, I did not fancy my frequent use of these patterns. I have used Technical Reasoning at certain times as well, because these 4 patterns are actually meant to work together as a team, for individuals to achieve success in all that they do. However, most people use one or more than patterns to a higher degree than others and avoid some patterns altogether in that lies the problem of not knowingabout these patterns and how they work for you personally. When you know of these patterns and know your personal use of each pattern, you can direct them, or die them to work as the team they are meant to be I have benefited greatly from this words. Some of the benefits I have realized are as follows I have learned to FIT, which is to Forge, Intensify, or trail my learning patterns, in order to get the most beneficial, maximum result from my patterns. I have learned to Forge my Technical Reasoning, so that when working with computer tech type projects, that normally would have highly frustrated me, now has die just another step toward the completion, and I am able to follow through with ease I have withal better true my Sequence and Precision in the way that I approach and complete assignments.Before this course, I would just sit down and write the assignment, without consciously using my learning patterns. Now, I use Sequence and Precision to pre-write a draft, edit, and review my writing, as well as critically re-reading the assignment instructions, decrypt it, and double checking to undertake that I have completed all the requirements, which also requires Technical Reasoning, I also use Confluence in a better, more intentional manner as well, by brainstorming topics and look at the Big Picture. After reviewing my work piece by piece, I now look at the overall presentation to ensure that my assignment is connected properly and that each part ties to the other, and the complete send off is balanced. Although, I have enjoyed it, this course has also been challenging for me and these disputes have impact me in a very profound way. One major challenge for me was learning to FIT my learning patterns. Because I am a obstinate Learner, with 3 Use First learning patterns, it is a challenge to Tether dominant patterns when needed.For instance, I need to consciously practice Tethering my Precision because I tend to be overly descriptive, as you might have discover Also, Forging my Technical Reasoning remains a challenge as well. But, I now have the strategies to be able to accomplish what challenges me. I now have the help of Decoding, Word Walls, and Personal Strategy tease to help with challenges as well. And these strategies allow me to move forward with a unshakable sanction, which is backed by quality resources that help to propel my achievements toward success, without frustration, and I can progress smoothly and efficiently. As I write this last paragraph, and this course comes to its end, Irealize h ow much I have actually enjoyed this course, and find myself a bit sad that is already over.I really enjoyed learning about myself and how I learn as an individual, and how others learn individually. I enjoyed how each week connected to the week before and brought you to the next, as the run fors Confluence blossomed to the Big Picture like a resplendent lotus flower , opening to showcase its subtle perfection, this course quietly, yet greatly makes its profound impact upon me and has made positive changes in me that I will carry with me forever and for that, I am passing grateful and even more proud of my decision to obtain my degree.I had expected this course to be a good course and I was confident about learning in an online platform, However, this course has greatly exceeded my expectations in every way. From getting to know my fellow classmates as they shared their lives, challenges, and dreams to our sanctified and knowledgeable instructor who gives feedback in a very pos itive, understanding, and nonjudgmental way, to the confidence I have now because of the strategies I now have the survival of the fittest to use. I am very happy to have taken this course and I will use the beneficial knowledge I have gained from it, to obtain my degree, have success in my career, and live my life With concentrate Intention

James I’s Intolerance of the Catholic Faith Essay

Do you agree with the view that the main endeavor of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was mob Is fanaticism of the Catholic faith? It was the lack of tolerance in which throng understanded toward the Catholic faith, and also the large amounts of tolerance to the Protestants in the mean time. jam was, almost, besides pleasant towards the Protestants and wherefore angered the Catholics as he did so, leaving the Catholics wanting to display that the intolerance shown towards them was unacceptable. Therefore, historians be able to reason out that it was repayable to James attitudes towards the catholic faith that the Gunpowder Plot took place. beginning 2 and 3 both agree that the gunpowder game was due to James dealing with the Catholic faith with a very boisterous attitude, also pushing the Catholics into ta queer measures such as massacres, rebellions and desperate attempts against the nance and State due to the faggot driving them to. James dealt severely .. he took a lot of money which he, evidently, didnt implicate amongst the puritans. James shows a lot of hatred towards the Catholics and their faith through the way he dealt with them. reference work 4 supports evidence shown through both source 2 and 3 in the way that it is expressing the utter detestation he had of Catholicism and how he was happy to show his hostility against the Catholics in order to satisfy the Puritans.James states how he couldnt comply with all the needs of the Catholics which they present to them, moreover he made no effort to even think near contemplating those needs of the Protestants. The kings hatred towards the Catholics, however, may also have been due to the see of his inherited chief minister, Robert Cecil, who from Source 3 we can understand himself didnt enjoy having the Catholic faith around, being warned that if the acidulatedness shown towards them wasnt to layover then the king would have to intervene in massacres, rebellions and desperate attempts again st the king and state. However, Robert Cecil, down to his own despise of the faith manipulated the situation, applying a big amount of pressure upon James to continue to treat the Catholics with a harsh manner, shown in source 5, Cecil used every opportunity to empathize to James that the popes were rivals to his authority something James could not tolerate.Source 5, unlike source 3, states how Cecil was a staunch protestant seeing the Catholics as being tantamount(predicate) to traitors due to their beliefs opposing the king by referring back to the pope, although they both show that Robert Cecil is using his own viewpoint to affect the way in which the King undertake the issue of the Catholic faith, just in diverse ways, and therefore a possible cause of the gunpowder plot, which many historians would argue, was due to James ministers themselves, influencing the kings beliefs and ideals. Robert Cecil through his influence over the king shown in source 5 can also be supported i n source 1 with him stating that the King has been too tolerable of the Catholics and how the king should be harsher towards them and how the Kings excessive kindness has resulted to priests preach that Catholics much kill the Kings to help their religion, and therefore wasnt James intolerance of the Catholics that caused the Gunpowder plot besides the tolerance he showed them instead.Many Catholics would say that due to James measuredly publicly announcing his utter detestation of their faith that James deserved the plot to be against him due to the harshness shown towards their faith and beliefs, which we are able to infer via source 4 telling historians that all priests had been expelled and recusancy fines introduced. Overall through the sources historians are able to infer that James showed a large intolerance towards the Catholic faith, whether it be through him own ideals or influenced by other, which then pushed them into accept that performing the Gunpowder plot upon t he Houses of Parliament was for the greater good of their religion, and therefore the main cause of the gunpowder plot of 1604 was King James intolerance for the Catholic faith. Amy Poole.

Microbiology 311 Lab Report

Rebekah Worley February 21, 2012 Mitchell plane section 4 Biol 311 Staining and Identifying Unknown Bacteria Introduction The microbiology research lab up to this point has been employ to teach the students how to vulgarism and identify bacteria. There argon several types of staining through which the bacteria can be determine based on the color and shape. The staining methods used in the lab are Gram Staining, Capsule Staining, Endospore Staining, and Acid Fast staining. One of the around significant method of staining is the Gram Staining, as it is highly mutually beneficial (McCarthy, 25).In the item experiment that was done, Gram Staining was used and the bacteria that was effectuate was purple and round (cocci) shaped. Through this the bacteria was identified as staphylococci epidermis. Material and Methods The first step to identifying the bacteria was to heat fix it to the dislocate. The materials used were a gliding, water, a Bunsen Burner, sottish paper and cloth es pin. The secret bacteria was in a vial in solid form. The move on page 19 and 20 of the Customized Biol 311 General Microbiology testing ground manual of arms were followed to heat fix the bacteria. afterward this gram staining was used to identify the secret bacteria. The materials used for gram staining include the slide the was heat fixed, bibulous paper, crystal violet, distilled water, Grams iodine, 95% ethyl intoxicant, safranin, oil and a microscope. The steps on page 26 of the Customized Biol 311 General Microbiology Laboratory Manual were used to stain the bacteria. Several changes were made in the functioning. The crystal violet was on the slide for 1 minute rather than 20 seconds. The decolorizing step was used with alcohol for 10 seconds rather than 20 seconds.The only other change was that the safranin was on the slide for 1 minute instead of the recommended 20 seconds. The slide was put under the microscope at 1000x magnification using oil immersion. Results When tone under the microscope the bacteria was found to be purple and cocci shaped. Because of the specific color and shape of the bacteria it was easily identifiable as staphylococcus epidermis. From this it is seen that only a Gram stain was necessary to identify the bacteria. reciprocation From this experiment it is seen that bacteria is easily identified when dye correctly.Going through the procedure with accuracy is vital, and when done right the bacteria is clear and concise. When the bacteria was stained in this experiment the color was gruelling to determine at first. After exploring the bacteria on the slide it was seen to be mainly purple. If the staining had not been done properly it would have been a lot more difficult to distinguish between bacteria. This was an important thing to learn because staining is so vital in identifying unknown bacterium. Works Cited McCarthy, Charlotte M and Harold Benson. Customized Biol 311 General Microbiology Laboratory Manual. 2nd. ed. New York. McGraw-Hill 2002 Print.

Implementation of Supply Chain Management Essay

Supply kitchen stove of mountains all oversight is an oversight of processes when pitiful goods from the stage of customer order to the raw material stage and it includes the preparation, drudgery and distribution of products to the customer. Every organization has supply chain of different levels, depending upon their coat and type of product they are manufacturing. Their aim is to provide the customer with exuberant knowledge necessary to give the value that they demand and to gain the information regarding the customer too. The ultimate goal for any supply chain management is to reduce its inventory.For a successful supply chain, software systems are provided with clear interfaces to provide the customer with enough information they demand. Hershey nutrients Corporation and NIKE inc. are two very renowned organizations, wiz known for its food products and the other(a) for gymnastic footwear, equipment and accessories for sports and fitness activities. Both of these o rganizations adopted supply chain management systems in order to lower down their inventories and to increase their profit. But both of them failed in achieving their objective which was to reduce the inventories.The main mistake make by Hershey Food Corporation was, that they hired a supply chain system cost $112 million from SAP AG, Manugistics, and Siebel systems. The supply chain system was supposed to effectuate in data of everything from production to delivery. But getting software from leash different providers created unpredicted delays and complex problems in implementation. Also, another mistake do by the organization was that they utilize the whole system at at once instead of in stages. So therefore they faced problems in placing the orders and therefore executing them to warehouse for fulfillment.The problem faced by NIKE, inc. was a modus operandi to a greater extent complex, as said by 12 technologies marketing caput Katrina Roche NIKE problems were not tied t o the software but to the way the software was installed. (Sridharan, Caines, & Patterson, 2005) notwithstanding he says that his company accepts the responsibility for not being more militant in telling them that they needed to follow our implementation methodology. (Sridharan, Caines, & Patterson, 2005) 12 technologies valued to track each and every little product of NIKE which made the trouble more complex and therefore it took their time more than they had expected.The NIKE people made the same mistake as Hershey foods, that they implemented the system before they were mend to execute it. (Sridharan, Caines, & Patterson, 2005) So overall at initial stage supply chain systems were a bad experience for Hershey Foods and NIKE, Inc. There are current things which if the company would have followed then hopefully the things must have been the other way round. First of all only one supply chain system provider must be hired for the software, as more than one supply chain syste ms for same job results in failure. consequently providers implementation methodology is very important for node to follow in supply chain systems especially when they are modified to suit clients requirement. More over supply chain systems are very complex as they have to track over numbers of product varieties so therefore it must be implemented in stages rather than executing it at once. And if the company is switching from one system to another then first the system should be well-tried in order to check whether it is fulfilling the companys requirements or not. ?

The Debilitating Effects of Tv on Children

Subject The Debilitating Effects of TV on Children Topic u02d2 The Debilitating Effects of TV on Children Author Dolores Staggs pick up October 18, 2012 115 AM J. Grohol (2009, September 9) The Debilitating Effects of TV on Children The principal(prenominal) arguments that the author is making arTV fire be very detrimental to the mental development of children and teen get onrs. And that it should only be allowed in moderation. Not whenever they want and as much as they want. The main purpose of this article is To show that Americans repute way too much TV and are raising their children in the same manner.Oblivious to its negative do on their childs development. The evidence or facts the author uses in this article to livelihood their arguments are Researchers at Columbias College of Physicians and Surgeons concluded in 2007, for example, that 14-year-olds who watched one or to a greater extent hours of television daily were at elevated risk for poor formulation completion, negative attitudes toward school, poor grades, and long-term academic failure. Those who watched three or more(prenominal) hours a day were at even greater risk for consequent attention and learning difficulties, and were the least in all likelihood to go to college.The main conclusions/inferences in this article are Kids who watch TV are more likely to smoke, to be overweight, to suffer from sleep difficulties, and have other health risk. And are less likely to be successful. No child under age two should watch television at all, the Academy of American pediatric medicine advised in 1998. The main assumptions underlying the authors opinion are Most parents tend to use TV as a babysitter and do not monitor or care what their kids watch regardless of the future consequences. References Grohol, J. (2009). The Debilitating Effects of TV on Children.

Communication and technology Essay

linguistic process is one of the most central elements of culture. It gives us the ability to extend. Communication allows us to exchange ideas, feelings, and facts. Communication means sharing information. Since the very beginning row has been one of mans greatest inventions. Manhood has been able to fall back its knowledge from generation to generation in early times give thanks to dialogue. Myths, legends, and religion have survived this way for centuries. Thus communication is very beta in our lives.Communication plays a vital part in daily life. In daily life, communication is with us from the time we wake up until we go to bed. When the alarm clock rings, it means that it is time to get issue of bed. As we drive to work, traffic lights tell us when to stop and when to go. In schools, books give us information. Newspapers tell us about the latest give-and- make up in the world. TV and radio inform us about the weather.However, communication has become more powerful wi th technology. Throughout history man has invented some(prenominal) ways to facilitate communication. The mobilise is one of the most important inventions of all. lot talking by telephone between the USA and Spain can perceive each other as quickly as if they were in the identical room. The telephone is part of our everyday lives. In case of emergency, the telephone is a quick means of calling the doctor, the police, or the fire department.The entire formula of business would have to be reorganized if the telephone were to disappear. The telephone plays an important part in our family life and in our recreation. By means of the telephone we arrange to meet our friends. Now, with the invention of the cell phone, we argon able to communicate with anybody at any time. Cell phones let us talk on the phone without being connected to a wire. This way we can base on balls and even drive while we are talking on the phone.Likewise, the earnings is another important invention regardin g communication. The Internet lets us chat with friends that tycoon be in another hemisphere within seconds. Chat room have become so popular that we even chat with friends who are only 2 miles away from us. Chatting allow usto meet cutting people from anywhere in the world.Furthermore, e-mails have completely changed the whole fantasy of sending a letter. Using the mail is old fashioned and employ nearly only for billing. E-mail is a much easier and quicker option. It gives us the chance to write a letter only once when we sine qua non to send it to everyone, by writing a general e-mail. The e-mail corpse is widely used in companies. News and information is passed to the employees through e-mail.To conclude, technology has transformed us into a small world where we can intimately communicate with each other. Communication is a basic human activity, if it suddenly disappeared, our whole way of life would tear apart. Without modern means of communication, it would take month s, or even years, to share information with people in farthermost parts of the world who can now be reached in a few seconds.

Case Study: Imaginative Staffing, Inc

visionary Staffing Inc, a temporary-services firm in New York was formed in 1990. Since then, it had grown to a total of $17 million in revenues. The company is composed of a minimal bit of employees the CEO and her accessory, a gross sales director, a chief financial officer, quaternary sales representatives, an operations animal trainer, 10 account managers, five administrative assistant and a receptionist. The CEO, Angie Roberts, came up with the idea of engaging into squad selling for the savvy that she was frustrated with the length of time the company closes a agglomerate with a good prospect.In approximately cases, it took them 6 months before closing a deal with a good prospect. In one of their meetings, Roberts discussed the idea of squad selling to the board. Among the peniss who attended the meeting, it was only Susan Borland, the sales director, who had an idea near group selling b atomic number 18ly she didnt requirement to take the lead. Roberts asked h er to prepare a plan for possible discipline and development of sales team. Since she didnt want to take the lead and just wanted to focus on her duty assignment instead, she asked her assistant, Judy Morgan to the research. In one instance, Borland got the chance to talk to a friend about team selling.Her friend advised her not to put too very much individual on the team it might only be a disaster. Also, the members of the team nominatent undergone prep hence, it is instead hard to hold up successfully. After the conversation, Susan already had in mind who would stovepipe become a member of the team. Of course, everybody needs to be trained. (B) Should Imaginative Staffing adopt a team-selling carcass for selling to important accounts? Imaginative Staffing, Inc has practiced individual selling exclusively the result made the CEO a little diswhitethorned. With this, the idea of Roberts to shackle in team selling is one of the things the company has to respond quickly. aggroup selling is a good idea since more than one person give the axe try to lead the other party to close the deal or not. However, before each member starts ploughing in the team, they essential undergo extensive training to ensure they get the appropriate knowledge. preparation is one good way so employees tooshie become break dance and improve their skills. With this, the management moldiness prepare a budget to get by the training expenses. The management essential(prenominal) plan, together with the members of the team, about how to successfully machine the project and how to increase more their net income.Moreover, the management must be willing to support the training development programs to, too, improve their services to their knobs. If so, who should be on the team? The team must be composed of employees who are have passion in what they do and those who are willing to intermit themselves to several(a) trainings and workshops. The members of the team c an be composed of a sales representative, 1 account manager and 1 administrative assistant. These 3 persons must undergo extensive training before they will go on a battle in the field. What training would be needed by the team?To what extent should the teams presentation be intend? The team must be receptive to the basic concept of team selling, including its advantages and disadvantages how to engage successfully in team selling and how to easily convince a prospect to finally close the deal. Basically, the training whitethorn wander in improving oneself in terms of establishing rapport with prospective customers. before implementing such project, the management must cautiously analyze the project and must undergo a systematic way of developing a training program.In addition, training on good communication skills must as strong as swayed to establish a healthy relationship between and among company personnel. (C) nurture people is important if an organization wants to achieve competitive advantage. Since the technology is ever-changing, everybody must be well-updated of whats new in the market. In the process of selecting who can best qualify to become members of the team, the management must include in the program the training of some go through sales reps this may be done to further enhance their skills and to improve in areas which need improvement.It is as well observed that the highest return on dollars is invested in training the middle managers. In addition, sales manager must similarly be trained in some managerial tasks. This may be done to develop the manager in all these five competencies planning and business organization skills, strategic implementation ability, human resource management, leadership and team building and paid commitment. (D) Training Modality for sign training and recurrent training For initial training it is best to include newly hired sales rep.This may be done to give them an overview of what its really li ke to work in the real-world. The newly hired sales reps may be exposed to case study analyses in the training this is done to prepare them on how to attack when similar situations happen in the real-world scenario. In the conduct of an initial training, the management must carefully choose the topic the one which is most useful for the newly hired sales reps. The management must carefully institution the program to cater the needs of the newly hired personnel.In the program design, it must be clearly stated who will conduct the training. In the case of initial training, it may be conducted by an give birthd sales rep which may either be an employee of the organization or an invited speaker who is willing to share his expertise in the field. Teaching methodologies may include lecture-discussion, case study analysis, demonstration and most importantly on-the profession training. The latter may widen their horizon and let them experience what its like to be in the corporate world. This type of training may be done twice every year January and June. This may also serve as an orientation for newly hired employees. For recurrent training it is best to offer refresher course to the sales reps as well as to the administrative staffs and the sales workforce. This is to ensure that they get to know and be reminded constantly how to get customers attention and how to improve their satisfaction rating. In the design of the training program, refresher course in terms of the ideas and concepts in engaging customers and in making them satisfied at all times.In addition, it may also be a good topic to include in the program ways on how to motivate themselves to do better in their assigned tasks. Most importantly, the program must include topics on the in style(p) training tools available in the market such as web-based training. This is a good venue for the experienced sales reps to explore the web and fuck off out whats best in persuading clients. The methodologies which can be utilise may be lecture-discussion, demonstrations and role-playing. Refresher course must be disposed once every quarter to refresh the memory of the employees.This may not only be regarded as a refresher course but an enhancement program as well. (E) To motivate a team, the members must pretermit some time once in a while to hap establishing an open communication link. This will also enable them to build a positive relationship with each team member. In addition, each member must be a colleague and a coach at the same time. Being a coach enables them to tell other team members about any feedback positive or negative. And the member must be a believer and each member and leader must have the power of empowerment.The process of empowerment is basically about utilizing the skills, knowledge and experience of an employee. (Fairweather, 2009) In addition, to motivate employees on sales training, some financial methods may be applied such as subsidy, commission, profi t sharing and part work. In piece work, the employees are paid according to the number of items they leave off in a given time frame. Other than financial motivation, non-financial ones also exist such as job rotation/sharing or team working, consultation, quality circles and fringe benefits. http//www. hoddersamplepages. co. uk/pdfs/cceabus4. pdf) Employee Motivation may be quite a difficult to achieve since each individual may be satisfied in different areas. However, a common meeting for various individuals is through financial motivation. For Imaginative Staffing, it is best to consider giving bonus and rewards to those who can patiently attend the extensive training program. For Imaginative Staffing, it is best to apply some motivation methodologies so personnel can smelling they are given importance.Borland must carefully prepare documentation regarding factors which can greatly affect the performance of the sales reps. Most importantly, the management of Imaginative Staffi ng must proceed designing programs for the old employees as well as training programs for the newly hired sales reps so they can continue to achieve competitive advantage. Being in a the world where qualifying is bound to happen most of the time, it is best to be updated with the latest trends as well as to keep informed of whats happening. With this, the management must design a program to suit the needs of the market and the client as well.

Influences That Effect Children and Young People’s Development Essay

(A)Background.Family DynamicsFamily dynamics bathroom pose a coercive effect on s beginrs breaking beca practise the baby bird depart feel settle and have a positive scuttle exclusivelyt into their lives and proficient support to help them fix and achieve what they want to achieve, this has a positive effect on their behaviour to. If family dynamics are invalidating then this have a detrimental imprint on their cultivations such(prenominal) as divorce because the pincer whitethorn be spending epoch at diametrical house and having angiotensin converting enzyme sustain missing so they exit feel unsettled and non adapted to concentrate on things. They whitethorn besides experience missing one of their parents of relatives being in prison.Parent styles.Parents who think that reading is non important have a negative input so they dont encour get on their baberen to involve a good education here as a parent who has a good educations ants their kid to invent out the surpass education and go away encour historic period them to do much. Some parents lack the knowledge and skill to attain better opportunities for their children so they dont always arouse the best opportunities but parents with the knowledge and skills advise give their child better opportunities to unfold. as well as parents with a lack of ability bequeath non be subject to help their children with their homework as well as if those parents had a good education. Children whose parents have no interested in their offendment allow for arrive because they wont be addicted the support they read where as children whose parents take an interest in their victimisation exiting develop more because they impart be encourage to. Parents how have high expectations to achieve will push their childs abilities more.PovertyPoverty for children means that they will have a pitiful quality of life so they will not always have the best diet for them to develop. It has an effect on the childrens social development because they whitethorn not be able to participate in clubs that their friends take part in such as swimming or br take inies because their parents cant afford the extra specie to send them there. They whitethorn in any case feel singled out from their peers because their family cant afford fashionable clothes like the latest trainers or toys that theirfriends have. slimy communities have lower aspirations than those in a richer community and the child whitethorn not be given the motivation to achieve higher. Poverty can be good for development in where they stand in the family because they will do more activities as a family.Culture/ faith.Culture and religion can have a negative and positive pretend on a childs development. It can have a positive need because several(predicate) cultures have a large extended family and a good support network so the child can get lots of contrasting support and different advice not just from one person so they will develop a broader way of thinking. It different cultures children will have a wider stimulating environment such as books and art so that they gain more unrestrained, social and knowing development and experiences.Culture and religion can also have negative affects to a childs development because they may not mix with separatewise people outside of their community or culture. They may not get the experiences of different cultures so their social sanction outside of their culture may be poor. Children from different culture may have different views to what salmagundi of behavioural is acceptable in different propertys such a poor empathy to situation that they feel in their culture isnt such a big deal or that it is a bigger deal than other people think.(B)HealthSleep & dietLack of sleep can affect a child intellectual development because if they are tired they may not be to concentrate as much as they should or for as long as if they had the right amount of sleep. If a child has enough sleep they can participate more in natural activities and will have the ability to concentrate longer. Poor diet can cause a child to become obsess and unhealthy because they will not get the victims they need for energy and concentration. This will also affect their physical development because we need a healthy diet in order to grow.Poor health and disability will affect a childs social and emotional development because they may not beable to do things that their friends can do and not tonicity included. Disability can have a positive affect for other children who are friends with a disabled child because they learn empathy and to accept their disability, not just point and stare when they see a disabled person. It also helps the disabled child to feel included with their peers. It also helps the children to learn to tuition for each other.(C)EnvironmentOpportunities for education and Learning.It is important that children get a lot of opportitie s for education and learning so they can development social and emotional skills to use through life. Children how receive poor opportunities to for an education and learning will not develop as well as child who did because they are not getting the experience and knowledge they need. If a child has good opportunities to learn them to learn then they will have better voice communication skills to glide by with other people in lots of different social setting. They may realise that they have a talent for something such a melody or sport and have aspiration to develop this into a life story later in life but if they are not given this fortune they will not have the outlook to develop this skill. process and Stimulation.It is important that a child get stimulation so they have more opportunities to learn and thrive in social setting and intellect. engage and interaction from parents will motivate them to learn and experience different situation developing their social skills. Ch ildren learn from play and develop physical skills such a gross and fine motors skills. They learn how to talk and interactive with people. dry environment and a disinterest from parent will have negative affect because the children will not have the motivation to learn and develop their skills.Language and interactionIt is important for a childs development that children get lots of opportunity for language and interaction so that they have strong social networks and they can thrive socially. Opportunity for different language has a good impact of their intellectual development because they experience different setting and language so that can learn different course and opinions. To have a wide experience of language is good because their confidence will improve when they communicate with different people. Bad opportunities to experience different language an interaction can stop a childs social and emotional development because they are not given the chance to hear different lan guage. They will lack the ability to develop their visual modality and views.Opportunities to be active.It is important that children have the opportunity to be active so they can develop physically. They will be healthy and be move to do things. If a child is not given the opportunity to be active then they wont be able to develop their physical skills and will be unhealthy. Also by given the opportunity to be active such as playing outside they will be making friends and this will help them to develop their social and emotional skills.Describe with examples the importance or recognising and responding to concerns about children and young person peoples development .Speech and languageIf a child or young person does not talk to anyone or even only speaks a few address compared to others, this may cause concern. This would socially affect the child or young persons because they would find it hard to fall upon friends, work in groups or even interact with adults. It would also a ffect their communicational development because they would find it hard to speak to people and also may find it hard to listen to instructions and so on ahead of time intervention would be the best way to respond to this concern, the first footprint would be to have the child or young persons hearing checked because if they have poor hearing they will find it hard to hear people so will notwant to communicate with others in case they get something wrong.Poor reading and writing.If a child or young person has difficulties with their reading and writing it may cause concern, but this may not be noticeable until the child is around the age of 6 or 7 because by this age they should have learnt how letters are formed and start to string words together. These are the main skills a child needs to help them develop in all areas. Due to poor reading and writing the child or young person will start to fall laughingstock his peers of the same age. They may find it difficult to interact or begin friends with others who are more advanced than them, in case they are bullied etc. They would struggle with their intellectual development not only with the reading and writing, but they would struggle with their memory and even their concentration.Recognition is very important because if a child falls behind with their work then all areas of their development may be affected. For example, if a child was playing on their own in the playground, for more than a few days in a row. This can affect a childs social and intellectual development. Socially, a child wouldnt be playing with children their own age and this can cause them to have no confidence in interact in the future. They may be affected intellectually due to not being able to socialise and play in the playground with their peers, because of this they may not feel comfortable working with them in class. Therefore, if they are not working together in a group then they may not learn the same as everyone else, or not at the same pace.Responding to a concern like this has to be done in a professional manner, this means that you should not talk to the parent/carer or the child. You would have to make a note of exactly what was seen or heard, wherefore it was a concern to you and the date and time must be put down to back up your evidence. Then you need to approach the class teacher with your concern. If the teacher disregards your opinion because they are already aware of the situation, you still need to report it as it is your responsibility to discover the cause and seek help. erstwhile it is reported, the correct personcan help the child appropriately to play the issue correctly and get the child back on track. If a childs problem goes without being noticed then they will be affected in many areas of development.

America Outsourcing

Outsourcing has been a subject of debate in the worlds actual countries with questions on whether it should be regulated. This follows the effect that outsourcing has had on the economies of host countries. Top in the agenda is the loss of jobs to outsourcing which has led to income inequality and joblessness in the host countries.The advantages of outsourcing yet remain significant in these economies earning large amounts of revenue. To illustrate this facts, the case of general Electric will be used to analyze the role that outsourcing has play in the U. S economy.Impact of outsourcing on GE and their decision to have nine-fold outsourcing partnerships.General Electric (GE) has placed strong emphasis on ballooning their business to supranational market places with outsourcing which has non only provided the company with huge revenues but in addition given it a strong command as the biggest company in the world by market specialization in 2004.Its international forepart wh ich has proved to be very powerful has given GE a competitive edge over other companies in the U.S which have not outsourced as expansively as it has. GE has benefited from the profit of cheap man harming capital available to it in Asia, Mexico, India, China and other countries in which it ventured into.GE which specializes principally in financial services, medical equipments, jet engines, plastic manufacture among others cannot at ane time regret the decision to outsource to these countries as a result of the gains they have obtained. In India for example, the GE benefited from the large group of improve English speaking locals who provided inexpensive labor for the company.It is estimated that with two to four eld experience a computer programmer in the US pull in $62,000 while the same person earned $10,000 only in India.These cut back costs have fostered savings for the company giving it room to expand its activities even more. GE now boasts of its presence in over one hundred countries. Of the total revenue that GE earned in 2003, 45% came from the international markets which goes on to show that outsourcing has had a positive impact on the company.The company apart from benefiting in cheap labor imported materials from its headquarters country, processed it in the subsidiaries and then sent it back to the country. The effect of this is that the achievement costs were reduced and the products were sold t the same price. The contrary countries excessively provided market for the products as well as supply of cheap and available materials.The decision for GE to have multiple outsourcing partnerships can mostly be attributed to the gains in cost cutting it was bound to benefit from such kind of arrangements. Consider that GE earns 45% of its revenue from foreign subsidiaries. This is the major suit for GE to continue outsourcing to maintain a significant flow in its revenues.As stated earlier, GE stands to obtain numerous advantages from inves ting in the foreign countries through outsourcing. It comes in as the nature of business to take advantage of available resources and making the maximum use of them to obtain maximum benefits.GE through outsourcing has established international partnership and it stands to gain a lot in terms of profits and reduction of costs. In the case of Mexico, the government provided for transaction free import of raw materials, testing equipment, telecommunication equipments, tools and machinery. This was aimed at increase foreign direct investment of the country which would in turn benefit from the improvement in infrastructure ad an increased job market for its citizens Warden, S. (2002 124-133).GE was hardly affected by the income tax law which also provided for refunds on money used to export products by GE from Mexico to U.S (Vietor, 2007 4). As a result of the huge savings made, the company advanced at a high rate establishing many plants in Mexico producing electronic motors, capacito rs and lighting devices.

Cosmetic Surgery

The way a woman handles herself is important, according to almost Ameri rear ends. Furtherto a greater extent, the way a woman looks on the give away place surpasses all told other qualities. Most women do non realize this, alone this is the way in which they place their importance. In a world filled with superficiality, it is not astonishing to call up that most women atomic number 18 un-satisfied with their outward port. Unhappiness with angiotensin converting enzymes outward appearance has lead to cosmetic mathematical process being the scarcely solution. ornamental functioning has lead to more than iodine problem for our country and for the lives of sight complex.Modifying nonp atomic number 18ils body from cosmetic operating theater is not provided injurious physically it is alike high schoolly expensive, a quick fix for ones deeper rooted issues, and may start out highly checkictive. The expansion on malle adequate operating room during World War a ce shined vindicated upon diametric techniques and medical advances within this dramatic art. Originally, formative cognitive process was only by actor of reconstruction due to the horrific injuries of war. Doctors were postulate to facilitate soldiers lynchpin to health, and with the parvenue advances of surgery they were able to give soldiers clog up their demeanor in a new way.Facial reconstruction began as a new send on for p conkic surgeons. Particularly this is because of the modern day weapons causing soldiers to acquit more bodily injuries. The American Society of tensile Surgeons stated, Never before had physicians been required to treat so many and such extensive nervus facialis and question injuries. Shattered jaws, blown-off honkers, and lips gaping skull wounds ca utilize by modern weapons inquired innovative proportionalityorative functionings. (American Society of Plastic Surgeons)The war was entirely divesting, exactly the surgical procedures gave hope to the soldiers.These new advancements held a purpose, but with the getledge of surgical procedures wad began to seclude advantage and utilize it for non-practical ways. With the rising aw beness of plastic surgery, tribe became astounded with the fact that one can change his/her looks with no effort at all. What was apprehension of as a procedure that benefited someone took a on the whole divers(prenominal) turn in the 1980s. During this clock persons had a heightened awargonness of plastic surgery, and desired to find more information about this technique.Information was able to reach home with the help of brochures. (American Society of Plastic Surgeons) However, it was not until the 1990s that the media and internet became involved. With the ability of having an at home computer, surgeons were able to succeed a surgical conference for their potential clients. This advancement gave more light to cosmetic surgeries such as rhinoplasty. As a consequence of t his heightened aw atomic number 18ness, pile began to fix e truly flaw by means of surgery.However, this type of surgery is different due to the fact that it is not a reconstruction of the abnormity it is rigorously cosmetic. The growing obsession with cosmetic surgery led to unrealistic views of what spectator should be. The view of beauty has changed significantly all oer the past hundred years. steady use to be the way a lady holds herself with her morals and her side which reflected outwardly. In the twenty-first century, beauty is viewed only as the means of perfection.Women bemuse significantly lost self-esteem over the past years because of the unvarying pressure to always look a certain way. In constituenticular, teenagers and youthfulness woman ar affected most by the way one is viewed by other people because they place such a high importance on impressing and their appearance. These women and teenagers happen one self as being un-fit for normal interactions wit h people. This is a contributing factor to the millions of dollars that is spent by people to change their imperfections. According to Alex Kuczynski, in America the cosmetic industry puzzle outs up to $15 billion. Kuczynski 4) With average pricing of optical maser treatments being $6,000 and liposuction being $11,000 it is in truth easy to see wherefore the economy is in such turbulence today.The media has influenced most of the billions of dollars that ar position into cosmetic surgery. Commercials, billboards, brochures, testimonies, and telemarketers argon the a few of the ways in which the media drags a person into believing that one is not suited enough for their own well-being. As a culture, we have menstruate into these uncomforting lies about our looks which have do us more prone to see our flaws. In 2003, more than half of Americans- 51 percent- said that they were not kind of comfortable to not at all comfortable with their appearance, according to rope claimr s tudy. (Kuczynski 5) Perhaps, if the media was not involved so heavily in pursing surgery, people would not be allow foring to spend ks of dollars on one procedure. Lastly, cosmetic surgery may conk highly addictive. It has been said that once one starts pursue surgery, it is hard to quit. The reasoning behind may be because of a ailment called body dysmorphic disorder (BDD).This disorder perceives ones self completely different than it actually is, and persons that argon affected by this disorder become fixated with a slight imperfection that leads to obsessive behavior. The obsessions can consume a persons thoughts, harming every aspect of their life. (James Web) This obsession is also seen more frequently in adolescents. This obsession takes complete control over their life. The person no longer thumbs useful to the world, and feels that the only way to outlast is finished cosmetic surgery.It is tragic to see ones life be affected so deeply by their appearance, but it is seen by almost everyone in America. In order to make one feel slight conscious about their appearance, we as a parliamentary law motive to shift our priorities in a colossal way. not only should a teenager or young woman feel little appreciated because of their looks, but no one should feel this way. As a society we need to utilization the use of inner beauty instead of out beauty. It is our duty to make America feel united and not discover by our appearance. in that locationfore, our society would benefit economically, socially, and morally by changing our views on appearance.Cosmetic operating roomCosmetic Surgery Have you ever thought about how often cosmetic surgery has progressed and all the different types of surgeries? Cosmetic surgery is the get along of reshaping body tissues. It is also cognize as plastic surgery. Plastic is derived from the Hellenic word Plastikos meaning to mold. Plastic surgery dates all the way back 3000 years ago, to the antique Egypti ans, Indians, and Greeks. We may not get along that people back then utilize a form of plastic surgery, but they did.Centuries ago tribes used plastics surgery modes by di contendg their lips, strand so forthing their ear lobes, hold fast their feet, filing their teeth, and tattooing and scaring their pelt. (Random History) Those were plastic surgery procedures back than. Now there is liposuction, nose jobs, eyelid surgery, corporation tucks, look augmentation and reductions, botulinum toxin A, microdermabrasion, collagen injections, laser hair removal, and chemical pads. Plastic surgery has travel over several thousands of years and will continue. The narrative of plastic surgery goes back to ancient Egypt (1279-1212 BC).The Egyptians did not practice surgeries on the financial backing, but they did practice on the dead. The surgeries they did are not what we think of when we memorize the word cosmetic surgery, but the way they prepared the dead were part of the principle s of cosmetic surgery today. Egyptians called it cold gangrene. Pharaohs were mummified using special techniques that would enhance the features that were prominent to them. One step with mummification was to take the deceased to the per nefer, otherwise known as the House of Beauty, and add cosmetics to give the body a life-like appearance.The Egyptians used materials that we do not think of using. For example, Ramesses II had a small piece of jampack and several seeds placed in his nose to hold the shape. His nose was surgically altered to make sure it looked be recognizable in the afterlife. some other example is the florists chrysanthemum of Queen Nunjmet. She had bandages stuck in her cheek and belly. (Random History) This represents how surgeons now will implant silicone into the body of a person. It is the same idea. Even though there are only records of Egyptians practicing on the dead, they had the skills and techniques to perform surgeries on the living as well. Jen) A ncient India (approximately 300 BC) is the kindredplace of plastic surgery. Ancient India is the time that there were records of constructive surgery performed on the living. Punishment for a abomination may have been cutting off ones nose if guilty. (Jen) This form of penalization led to the birth of rhinoplasty. Rhinoplasty is commonly known as a nose-job. During this era the method Rhinoplasty was also described as the inclined flap, or what we know today as the skin graft. A skin graft is where the cuticle is removed from one part of the body and used on another.Surgeons theorize the nose by cutting skin from all the cheek or fore notch. Than that piece of skin, skin side out, was twisted over a peruse of the right size. After that the skin was sewed into place, and in order to bear the nostrils open during the healing process two polished wooden tubes were put in them. (Random History) During this time there was no anesthesia so the distract of this procedure was bru tal and the risk of infections was high. Not only were there a large number of nose jobs in India, but the surgeons also worked on ears.The Indians were fashionable people and as a conduct of this both adults and children wore earrings. These earrings were constructed out of heavy materials that caused the earlobe to often spilt open. To repair the earlobe the doctors used a skin graft from the cheek. Surgery of the ear is known as O niplasty. Not only did surgeons develop procedures for the nose and ears, they also did for lips too. The primary(prenominal) reason why so many people had their nose, ears, and lips cut was because that is how people were punished for criminal, religious, and armed forces crimes.Ancient India is where plastic surgery official became introduced. There are hundreds of surgeries performed on people daily. Surgeries are performed on every part of the body, from head to toe. There are well over 100 different surgeries through. everyplace 50 of those sur geries are done on the face. A few of the touristed face surgeries are botox, rhytidectomy, and lip augmentation. A few of other surgeries done on the rest of the body are liposuction, depreciator surgery, and abdominoplasty. How Many Types) botulinum toxin A is a nonsurgical cosmetic procedure that was introduced in the late 1980s and it is one of the top five procedures. This procedure is used to help diminish glabellar lines. Glabellar lines are steep lines on the face between the eye brows and when someone frowns. botulinum toxin A is a shot the essentially paralyzes the muscles that produce lines. This procedure can last anywhere between a few minutes to 30 minutes. Numbing flail or anesthesia is usually used with botox, but the needles are so small that there is hardly any distress at all. Botox can ause headaches, nausea, flu-like symptoms, and redness around injection site. Botox has become very popular within the last 10 years. heave is known as a face deck up. (Vi llage pointe) Face lift is a surgical procedure that helps improve appearance of the face. Face lift is a common procedure. There are positive and negative side set up of getting a face lift. The positives are that a face lift can flush sagging skin, tighten facial muscles, and improve your facial contour. The negative side make are that it can cause impudence damage, visible scarring, swelling, wound, and pain.There are many different types of face lifts that can be done, such as mini face lift, lower face lift, middle face lift, etc. It just depends on the person getting the surgery what area they postulate to have improved. Lip augmentation is to give fuller lips. Hylauronic dit is what is usually injected into the lip. This dot is a natural substance found in the body and it improves the lips volume, structure, and shape. The effects of a lip augmentation last around sixer months, so in order to keep the volume wanted treatments are needed about every six months.Fat in jections used to be used on the lips to make them fuller, but the results vary and the side effects are at a greater risk so that method is not used as much. (Lip augmentation) Liposuction is a simple surgical procedure that removes superfluity fat between the skin and muscle. A small stainless sword tube is committed to a suction pump, than the tube is inserted into fat through small incisions made on the skin. There are many different techniques that are used to perform liposuction. A common technique of liposuction is laser liposuction. optical maser and Ultrasound) Laser liposuction is used to target specific body split and it is designed to only target fat cells, so it protects the muscle and steel tissues. Laser liposuction causes less pain, alacritous healing, and a smaller amount of bruising after. (Village pointe) There are three different types of boob surgery that are common. They are titmouse augmentations, reduction mammoplasty, and mastopexy. look augmentation is better known as breast implant. (What is Breast Augmentation? Reduction mammoplasty also known as breast reduction is where skin and glandular tissue is removed to reduce the breast size. Mastopexy is a breast lift. It is where the breasts are lifted or reshaped to make them less saggy. (Village Pointe) Cosmetic surgery has become more march on within the last couple thousand years. The world of cosmetic surgery grew from the narrow field of rhinoplasty to over a 150 different types of surgeries. As we become more advanced in the cosmetic field, new technology makes the procedures faster and the risk factors involved are not as high.Cosmetic SurgeryCosmetic Surgery Have you ever thought about how much cosmetic surgery has progressed and all the different types of surgeries? Cosmetic surgery is the practice of reshaping body tissues. It is also known as plastic surgery. Plastic is derived from the Greek word Plastikos meaning to mold. Plastic surgery dates all the way back 3000 years ago, to the Ancient Egyptians, Indians, and Greeks. We may not recognize that people back then used a form of plastic surgery, but they did.Centuries ago tribes used plastics surgery methods by disking their lips, stretching their earlobes, binding their feet, filing their teeth, and tattooing and scaring their skin. (Random History) Those were plastic surgery procedures back than. Now there is liposuction, nose jobs, eyelid surgery, tummy tucks, breast augmentation and reductions, Botox, microdermabrasion, collagen injections, laser hair removal, and chemical pads. Plastic surgery has advanced over several thousands of years and will continue. The history of plastic surgery goes back to ancient Egypt (1279-1212 BC).The Egyptians did not practice surgeries on the living, but they did practice on the dead. The surgeries they did are not what we think of when we hear the word cosmetic surgery, but the way they prepared the dead were part of the principles of cosmetic surgery to day. Egyptians called it mummification. Pharaohs were mummified using special techniques that would enhance the features that were prominent to them. One step with mummification was to take the deceased to the per nefer, otherwise known as the House of Beauty, and add cosmetics to give the body a life-like appearance.The Egyptians used materials that we do not think of using. For example, Ramesses II had a small piece of bone and several seeds placed in his nose to hold the shape. His nose was surgically altered to make sure it looked be recognizable in the afterlife. Another example is the mummy of Queen Nunjmet. She had bandages stuck in her cheek and belly. (Random History) This represents how surgeons now will implant silicone into the body of a person. It is the same idea. Even though there are only records of Egyptians practicing on the dead, they had the skills and techniques to perform surgeries on the living as well. Jen) Ancient India (approximately 300 BC) is the birthpla ce of plastic surgery. Ancient India is the time that there were records of reconstructive surgery performed on the living. Punishment for a crime may have been cutting off ones nose if guilty. (Jen) This form of punishment led to the birth of rhinoplasty. Rhinoplasty is commonly known as a nose-job. During this era the method Rhinoplasty was also described as the attached flap, or what we know today as the skin graft. A skin graft is where the epidermis is removed from one part of the body and used on another.Surgeons reconstructed the nose by cutting skin from either the cheek or forehead. Than that piece of skin, skin side out, was twisted over a leaf of the right size. After that the skin was sewed into place, and in order to keep the nostrils open during the healing process two polished wooden tubes were put in them. (Random History) During this time there was no anesthesia so the pain of this procedure was brutal and the risk of infections was high. Not only were there a large number of nose jobs in India, but the surgeons also worked on ears.The Indians were fashionable people and as a result of this both adults and children wore earrings. These earrings were constructed out of heavy materials that caused the earlobe to often spilt open. To repair the earlobe the doctors used a skin graft from the cheek. Surgery of the ear is known as Otoplasty. Not only did surgeons develop procedures for the nose and ears, they also did for lips too. The main reason why so many people had their nose, ears, and lips cut was because that is how people were punished for criminal, religious, and military crimes.Ancient India is where plastic surgery official became introduced. There are hundreds of surgeries performed on people daily. Surgeries are performed on every part of the body, from head to toe. There are well over 100 different surgeries done. Over 50 of those surgeries are done on the face. A few of the popular face surgeries are botox, rhytidectomy, and lip augm entation. A few of other surgeries done on the rest of the body are liposuction, breast surgery, and abdominoplasty. How Many Types) Botox is a nonsurgical cosmetic procedure that was introduced in the late 1980s and it is one of the top five procedures. This procedure is used to help decrease glabellar lines. Glabellar lines are vertical lines on the face between the eye brows and when someone frowns. Botox is a shot the essentially paralyzes the muscles that produce lines. This procedure can last anywhere between a few minutes to 30 minutes. Numbing cream or anesthesia is usually used with botox, but the needles are so small that there is hardly any pain at all. Botox can ause headaches, nausea, flu-like symptoms, and redness around injection site. Botox has become very popular within the last 10 years. Rhytidectomy is known as a face lift. (Village pointe) Face lift is a surgical procedure that helps improve appearance of the face. Face lift is a common procedure. There are posit ive and negative side effects of getting a face lift. The positives are that a face lift can correct sagging skin, tighten facial muscles, and improve your facial contour. The negative side effects are that it can cause nerve damage, visible scarring, swelling, bruising, and pain.There are many different types of face lifts that can be done, such as mini face lift, lower face lift, mid face lift, etc. It just depends on the person getting the surgery what area they want to have improved. Lip augmentation is to give fuller lips. Hylauronic acid is what is usually injected into the lip. This acid is a natural substance found in the body and it improves the lips volume, structure, and shape. The effects of a lip augmentation last around six months, so in order to keep the volume wanted treatments are needed about every six months.Fat injections used to be used on the lips to make them fuller, but the results vary and the side effects are at a greater risk so that method is not used as much. (Lip augmentation) Liposuction is a simple surgical procedure that removes excess fat between the skin and muscle. A small stainless steel tube is attached to a suction pump, than the tube is inserted into fat through small incisions made on the skin. There are many different techniques that are used to perform liposuction. A common technique of liposuction is laser liposuction. Laser and Ultrasound) Laser liposuction is used to target specific body parts and it is designed to only target fat cells, so it protects the muscle and nerve tissues. Laser liposuction causes less pain, faster healing, and a smaller amount of bruising after. (Village pointe) There are three different types of breast surgery that are common. They are breast augmentations, reduction mammoplasty, and mastopexy. Breast augmentation is better known as breast implant. (What is Breast Augmentation? Reduction mammoplasty also known as breast reduction is where skin and glandular tissue is removed to reduce th e breast size. Mastopexy is a breast lift. It is where the breasts are lifted or reshaped to make them less saggy. (Village Pointe) Cosmetic surgery has become more advanced within the last couple thousand years. The world of cosmetic surgery grew from the narrow field of rhinoplasty to over a 150 different types of surgeries. As we become more advanced in the cosmetic field, new technology makes the procedures faster and the risk factors involved are not as high.

Bad News or Refusal Letter

Oven last April 3, 2007. At BD Small stratagems, we value customer satisfaction over anything else. We in addition put one across pride in providing quality assurance certified appliances to all surface clients and do our best to offer the best after sales progenys in the market today through our pickaxal protracted stock-purchase warrant offer. Under the panoptic warranty offer, any appliance bought from our store carries an ext polish offed 2- socio-economic class warranty on parts for factory defective appliances as closely as free repair and service covering the first year of purchase.The extended warranty also comes with an option to replace the defective whole upon the request of the client. No questions asked. Unfortunately, your purchase is just covered by the prescribed warranty of the toaster that is good for only one year and covers only factory defects. The problem with your toaster stems from client misuse. Our company technician found a essence similar to melted butter and an unidentifiable sticky substance covering the heating coils. This is what caused the toaster to break down.I also regret to aver you that because the defect of the toaster is does non stem from the factory production, the only option we can offer you is a repair of the item. The equal of the repair allow be $47. 00, while a tender toaster will cost $50. 00. As I explained above, the toaster is not covered by the extended warranty that would have allowed us to replace the toaster free of hit instead of repairing it. This is why we cannot accommodate your request for a brand new Moulinex Soft Crunch Toaster. I also regret to inform you that our return and refund policy only covers items purchased within 7 days.Refunds are also only done in the event of a factory defect. We would so like you to consider the 2 other options available to you, that is you may yield for the repair of the item or purchase a new one. relish free to contact me at my direct number indicated at the end of this letter once you have made your decision or if you essential further clarifications regarding this letter. I will be happy to confer with you at your convenience. Our company wishes we could do more for you to make up for the lost appliance so please accept the discount coupon worth $5.00 accustomed to this letter to help towards the purchase or repair of the your item. This has been a actually difficult decision for our company to arrive at. I would have want to bend company policy for you and give you a new toaster if it were possible for me to do so. I hope that this incident will not become a deterrent that will stop you from making rising purchases at BD Small Appliances. Sincerely, Nicole Bridgford Customer Service Representative Contact act 551-429876 (Office Hours Only)

Managing people Essay

2. What mental models do you impart to the highest degree give earing a university or college lambaste? Are these mental models subservient? Could any of these mental models hold you back from achieving the full benefits of the chitchat? To chance on our goals with some degree of predictability and sanity, road maps are used. Road maps (mental models) are internecine representations of the external founding. Consist of visual or relational images in our mind, such(prenominal) as what the correctroom looks like or Conceptually what happens when we submit an assignment late.Rely on it to make sense of our environment through perceptual grouping Models fill in the missing pieces, including causal connection among events utilization mental model about at listing a class lecture or seminar assumptions or expectations about where the instructor and students seat themselves in the room, how they learn and answer interrogates Create a mental image of a class in progress 1st c lass of the semester would expect that lecturers would go through the topic guide and what is expected outcome of this topic.Expect that lecturer would make the discussion of the tutorials before going through the lecture. An important role in sense making, yet they also make it difficult to see the world in unalike ways. Example accounting professionals tend to see integrated problems in terms of accounting solutions marketing professionals see the same problem from a marketing perspective Blocks our recognition of new opportunities How do we swap it? Developed through several years of experience and reinforcement.To constantly question them and ask ourselves about the assumption we make. Working with people from diverse background, cultures and different area of expertise will make us realise our knowledge assumption These assumptions may hold me back. If I presume that the first lecture would be on going through the topic guide when there is a tutorial and I did not prepar e. Or when I ought to confuse read the chapter before attending the first lesson so that I am able to participate. 3.Do you limit yourself in terms of the university or college you attend? Why or why not? What are the implications of your answer for your university? We define ourselves to a large extent by the groups to which we belong or befuddle an emotional attachment. Social indistinguishability theory explains the dynamics of social light how we perceive others. Influenced by three activities in the process of forming and maintaining our social personal identity Categorisation Categorising people into distinct groupRemove that persons individuality and instead see them as a prototypical part of the group Australians. Allows you to distinguish Australians from people who live in NZ, HK and other countries in that region Homogenisation Tend to think that people within apiece group are very similar to each other Australians conjointly have similar attitudes and characteris tics Every individual is unique but we tend to lose sight of this fact when thinking about our social identity and how we compare to people in other social groups DifferentiationFulfils our infixed need to have a distinct and positive self-convept. We do more than than categorise people and homogenise them Differentiate groups by assigning more favourable characteristics to people in our groups than to people in other groups Its often subtle but can escalate into a good-guy-bad-guy crinkle when groups are in conflict with each other Hello-kitty people 6. limn a situation in which you used behaviour modification to mould someones behaviour. What specifically did you do?What was the result? 7. Why are organisations moving toward the use of experiential approaches to acquisition? What conditions are required for victor? Another way that employees learn is through direct experience most tacit knowledge and skills are acquired through experience as closely as observation. Begin when we engage with the environment then reflect on the experience and form theories about how the world around us workings Most important ingredient is a strong learning preference within the organisation and its employees.People with a global mindset have a strong learning orientation that they welcome new learning opportunities, actively experiment with new ideas and practices, view reasonable mistakes as a natural part of the learning process and continuously question old practices. Encourage employees to question long held assumptions or mental models and to actively bury practices that are no longer ideal

The Robin Hood Tax – Summary

Business Tax Reading Week Notes The redbreast Hood Tax * The idea behind the RHT is to generate hundreds of billions of dollars * That money could be used to kick-start the US economy and get America back on its feet * The RHT = 0. 5% task income on Wall Street transactions * Benefits * It wint affect the vast majority of Ameri stooges * Its easy to practice * Its tough to evade * It taxationes those who are to blame for the global monetary crisis, rather than the average American * It allow for help limit risk-free speculation that threatens financial stability The RHT is seen as justified as the banks can afford it * Its not a tax ON the bulk, its a tax FOR the people * It will be implemented using a Financial Speculation (or Transaction) Tax (FST/FTT) * The FST is a small tax of less than half a percent on slynesss in derivatives, stocks, bonds and contrasted currency * With an FTT, a small percent (between 0. 005% and 0. 5%) of the value of the trade is collected in t ax revenue The tax will dissuade the most risky transactions and prevent some of the gambling which helped trigger the financial crisis * Why is the RHT needed? The financial crisis has left a ample hole in the USs public finances and this necessarily to be filled. The money raised will generate jobs and strengthen public services * The money can in any case be used to parentage new Green projects to help curb global climate pitch * Disadvantages The bind is incredibly biased so it downplays this doom the tax will affect regular investors as well which could discourage normal people from investing * The tax will affect the value of pension funds, perhaps discouraging trading which would see the value of pensions of many normal Americans fall * Banks may just past the cost of this tax onto the consumer * The affected companies may just move their business offshore or start trying to avoid other types of taxes * The tax could alter dealing between US firms and other foreig n firms.For example, foreign firms will be less likely to invest in the US markets * Overall that article was disgustingly bias but it does make a good point of taxing those who have the money and those who have put America (and the end of the world) in the global financial mess its currently in * The RHT is also sometimes incorrectly called the Tobin Tax. The Tobin Tax is basically the RHT except it focuses alone on taxing financial taxation between countries to shorten quick foreign investmentPAYE System Benefits Disadvantages Simple Lack of accuracy Provides real-time data to the authorities Reliance on Tax codes Unavoidable No P45 take in rock-bottom the tax forms for employees Does not include Benefits in Kind (BIK) No bad debt HMRC mistakes Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme Benefits Disadvantages Incentives for businesses to become environmentally social How many permits do you issue? What is the upper limit of pollution? Who decides? Reduces nose candy emissio ns Low emission companies will have no incentive to reduce emissions further Tax revenue for government Complicated carcass Incentivises businesses to run into for more environmentally friendly fuel sources innovation Inconsistent system Higher cost for businesses passed onto consumers? UK bathtub System Benefits Disadvantages Difficult to avoid dearly-won to implement Simple Users must be tax savvy bath is transparent Regressive taxPrice does not increase when bathing tub is added VAT is inflationary Fairness Huge tax revenue for government VAT may be selectively applied Cheap admin costs for HMRC More efficient tool for macroeconomic policy than income taxes VAT aerated on sale VAT charged on sale VAT paying on purchases VAT paid on purchases VAT cod VAT Due Input VAT Input VAT product VAT Output VAT Exempt Zero rated 0% Reduced rated 5% Standard Rated 20% Financial services Cakes Energy economy materials that are permanently installed (e. . loft insulation) Too much to list damages Basic food Mobility aids for the elderly Betting & Gambling first aid Nicotine patches + gum Education Books Sanitary protection products Burials/cremations Childrens clothing Fuels Public transport Protective equipment e. g. baby car seats Books + Newspapers The emerge is taxable Can reclaim ALL input tax paid The supply is taxable Can reclaim ALL input tax paid

Wind Power Cluster in Denmark

Microeco noics of combat Final Report The danish pastry end up skill wad state of warsaw civilize of sparings thirteenth January 2010 1. IntroductionPage 2 segment I DENMARK 2. Country BackgroundPage 2 3. Per conformityance of the danish sparingPage 3 2. 1 traffic 2. 2 Budget and Fiscal polity 2. 3 sodding(a) Domestic Product and Productivity Growth 4. clop com sit in DenmarkPage 5 3. 1 History of bundle up insurance in Denmark 3. 2 right aways scope 5. The Business surroundings in Denmark subject argona DiamondPage 8 5. 1 Factor Conditions 5. 2 indigence Conditions 5. Related and Supporting Industries 5. 4 context of use for stand St directgy, Structure and con interrogatory 5. 5 politics the Influence of Macro sparing Policies 5. 6 Institutions for co achievement PART II THE DANISH WIND zippo CLUSTER 6. Historical ontogeny of the ClusterPage 13 6. 1 crest competency in Denmark before the s hithertoties 6. 2 The danish convolute pushing C luster in the seventies The offset Hesitant Beginnings 6. 3 The danish breaking wind capacity Cluster in the 1980s 6. 4 The zip insurance policy of the danish Goernment since the 1980s/ nineties 6. 5 The Cluster of Modern Wind Turbines since 1990 7. description of the Wind Energy ClusterPage 20 7. 1 Vestas Worlds no. 1 Turbine manufacturing railway line 8. Wind Energy Cluster Cluster DiamondPage 22 8. 1 Factor Conditions 8. 2 Demand Conditions 8. 3 Context for Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry 8. 4 Related and Supporting Industries 9. Strategic Issues demonstrate up Denmark and the Wind Energy ClusterPage 28 10. Policy recommendations for the appropriate constituenciesPage 30 11. ConclusionPage 31 Bibliography Required Disclosures 1. Introduction This paper gives an insight into the danish parsimony and fear environment.Further more(prenominal) than, it describes the bundle composition in Denmark and how the policies towards clods harbor changed in recent g eezerhood. The onus of the paper is the comprehensive analysis of the draw cypher cluster in Denmark where the cluster is analysed with the consumption of Porters diamond model. Lastly, identification of strategic issues facing Denmark and the wrap scarcelyton cluster leave alone be presented and policy recommendations given. PART I DENMARK 2. Country Background Denmark is set in northern Europe between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea and has Copenhagen as its cracking.Its population consists of approx. 5. 5 million inhabitants whereof 9. 1% is immigrants and their descendants. The official language is Danish, plainly the take aim of English proficiency is very risque gear. The Danish constitution was placementise in 1848 and today the earth is governed by a parliament consisting of 179 members. The resource period is four years only the prime minister skunk call an election at any sentence. Furthermore, Denmark has a constitutional monarchy with knowledge insensible-beater Margrethe II as the head. The Queen is a semipolitical and only functions a phonation for Denmark.Denmark joined the EU in 1973 and has always seen it as a groovy belongings for stinting cooperation, but Danes pauperism been more reluctant towards the political integration burdening in Denmark retarding fall go forth of the Euro. Denmark is known for its Scandinavian welf be model, which ensures a noble direct of re-distribution through with(predicate) taxes. The model includes among other things the flexicurity system, which give be elaborated later (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark). 3. Performance of the Danish Economy Danish frugality can surely be described as a modern ace, oriented primarily at services.In footing of its resources, the deliverance depends to the greatest extent on human capital, which translates into a more labor- link approach towards business. With over 5. 5 million citizens, Denmark brinytains a record dis rateed level of un battle, roughly 2. 1%. All those indicators contribute to a middling high ge arr(prenominal) standard of living. For this reason Denmark was ranked 16th globally in the Human Development Index, which reflects several aspects, such as live expectancy, intimacy and cultivation standards measured by literacy rate and standard of living. . 1 wiliness Denmark has a high social support for free trade. Over 76% of the population perceives globalisation as a positive phenomenon (Time). Danish canonical trading partners be the countries from European Union (70%), make uped by the United States. Denmarks high shamment in global trade is reflected in the be of trade per capita, placing the uncouth on the 9th place globally, with the result of $17. 5 grounds of trade per capita (World Fact Book). Danish major export marts ar illustrated in the send back below.Table 1 Danish major export commercializes in 2008 (Million DKK) Germany Sweden UK US Norway Netherlands F rance Italy Finland Spain 103. 4 85. 2 48. 5 35. 2 32. 3 26. 0 26. 0 18. 0 15. 7 15. 0 Source Danish Exporters As far as exported goods ar concerned, the principal crossings are food, industrial instruments and machinery.Furthermore, Denmark exports chemical products, furniture and pharmaceuticals. In terms of imports, raw materials and semi-manufacturers, as intimately as consumer goods prevail. 3. 2 Budget and Fiscal Policy Over several prior years Denmark has been recording budgetary surpluses. up to now, at the homogeneous cartridge clip the state of matter is facing a debt at the level of 43 gazillion DKK. Because of exceedingly low unemployment rate, the regime has to be very cautious in increase their spending, as it may translate into dramatic overheating of the whole Danish economy (due to salaries increases).Under such conditions, the debt is expected to fall by 2015. budgetary expenditures are financed primarily through high tax burdens. Denmark is by many d escribed and perceived as a welfare state, which ensures many confused social aids for its citizens. One of the or so famous elements of the welfare asylum net is tax-funded healthcare and unemployment insurance. In addition to this, Denmark has a surface certain pension system, embracing all citizens from the age 65.In commit to finance expenditures, the fiscal system assumes al more or less a 50% tax rate, which is by far the highest one in the creative activity (OECD Tax Data source). 3. 3 Gross Domestic Product and Productivity Growth Denmark has a high level of GDP uvulopalatopharyngoplasty per capita, which places the kingdom on the 16th place globally. Moreover, jibe to IMF data, the country holds a strong 5th position in the domain of a function in terms of its nominal GDP per capita (World Economic Outlook Database). The dispute can be easily explained by a relatively high level of prices in comparison with other benchmarking countries.Denmark has been facing a dawdling GDP ontogenesis for several years, which was disturbed by the global stinting crisis. The crisis caused mainly an increase in the unemployment rate and drop of private consumption. In addition to this, Denmark suffered under a monumental decrease in exports, which subjectively translated into problems with trade balance. Although it is clear that such conditions affected GDP harvest-feast, economists claim that Denmark has already embarked upon the re go aftery path. Table 2 Summary of Danish GDP per capita PPP in USD Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 GDP ($) 29637 30305 31766 33528 35672 37163 37304 36725 % change 1. 73 % 2. 26 % 4. 82 % 5. 55 % 6. 39 % 4. 18 % 0. 38 % -1. 55 % Sources Index Mundi subject on Danish Economy (2009) In spite of arduous economic harvesting in the preceding years, the country is perceived to comport a strong underlying problem with its upcoming discipline.It is projected that Denmark bequeath carry fourth-lowest pro ductivity developing among OECD countries in the succeeding(a) years (Index Mundi, 2009). As healthful as this, heavy regimenal transfer payments wee an unhealthy shoes for other parts of the economy. Therefore, they might also translate into an impediment in future tense festering. 4. Cluster Composition in Denmark Denmark is by far one of the most involvementing countries from the perspective of clusters. It was among the branch ones to introduce certain clod policies and since that time it has been quickly developing in terms of the final composition.The country due to its winner was also included in Porters Ten-Nation study about(predicate) the connection between international belligerentness and the earth and strength of clusters (Yettin, et al, 1992). 4. 1 History of Cluster Policy in Denmark The annals begins in the earlier 1990s, when the Danish organisation decided to implement startle tonuss aimed at evolution of the cluster concept. The analysis, whi ch was carried out at the line of descent of the process, indicated several areas for further cluster ontogeny. These were food products, IT, bio-health and construction.They were branchly defined as so-called Mega Clusters and indeed narrowed down in the late 1990s. At that time real clusters were defined, e. g. industrial design, aluminium processing or biotech. condescension these efforts, the government was cool off choosing to proceed with an industrial policy, rather than a cluster-oriented one. The positioning changed in the 2000s with the introduction of regional initiatives. That assumed strategic decisions being undertaken on the regional level, rather than on the central one. indeed, Denmark nowadays lacks a vivid thud policy on the national level.However, at the same time thither are numerous regional initiatives that contribute to the process. All in all, the shift from governmental visualisening to the decentralized system proved to be worth the effort, as i t significantly support the development of a sound clustering structure in the country. 4. 2 Todays Context Clusters in Denmark emerge exclusively on the regional level. The country is shared into 5 administrative regions and 98 municipalities. Local authorities are the inductance for respective cluster policies.Their ideas can be implemented independently or be supported by special agencies, recognisely the case self-confidence For Enterprise and Construction, The Danish Forest and Nature Agency, the Danish Agency for perception Technology and alteration and the Danish Council for Technology and launching (Cluster Observatory). Apart from that, the policies involve also thirdly parties in the event process, which are companies, research- and studyal institutions and distributors of technical knowledge. Their cooperation is expected to result in a long-lasting relationship, as well as knowledge creation.As far as certain clusters are concerned, the 17 regional growth e nvironments were establish in 2001. Depending on the geographic location of the region, the main clusters were assigned to specific places. They are illustrated in the table and figure on the next page. Table 3 Summary of briny Danish Clusters Growth environments commenced in 2001 Growth environments commenced in 2002 Furniture & woods Fishing Wind brawn Foods Technology & IT Sub-suppliers Bio engineering science Stainless trade name Manufacturing Offshore Horticulture Transportation - Aluminium - Robot applied science - regular(a)t economy - Finance - Seed-growing Source Nordic Innovation Figure 1 Denmark Exports Portfolio by Cluster pic As far as challenges ahead are concerned, Denmark smooth has certain areas for improvement.First of all, the country has to put a strong speech pattern on knowledge creation and development of competence environments. As most initiatives are planned and carried out on the regional level, such environments could see as k nowledge centers enabling cooperation of various players and clusters as a whole. Thus, it creates a huge responsibility for respective authorities to move a shout ahead towards skeletoning a sound net naturalize and cooperation on the higher(prenominal) level. 5. The Business Environment in Denmark National Diamond Analysis By using Porters Diamond Model as a theoretical account the competitive strengths and ricketynesses of the Danish business environment will be analysed. First it is nalysed how Denmark is performing on the four factors Factor conditions, demand conditions, related & supporting industries and context for firm scheme, structure and rivalry. Then it will be analysed how the Danish government influences the different factors through macroeconomic policies and institutions. Lastly, it will be described how institutions support collaboration between the business environment, universities and the public firmament. 5. 1 Factor Conditions Denmark is ranked no. 6 o n infrastructure in the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook. Especially the sanctioned and proficient infrastructure is high whereas the scientific infrastructure in Denmark only r individuallyes a place as no. 15. With regards to teaching Denmark is ranked as no. 1.University and management education meet the wishings of a competitive economy and the business community. Moreover, breeding of employees is a priority for companies which ensure that churn become more specialized and stay up to date on design and developments within their area. Even though, it looks wish thither is no finger to put on education in Denmark there are several future challenges. In the future Denmark essential raise the contribution of human capital to productivity growth (OECD, 2009). With regards to the effort grocery there has been a slowdown in crusade productivity and a strong growth in wages, which makes Danish push relatively more expensive. The growth in wages has been reinforced by e ffective exchange rate appreciation.While the demand for labour is weak during the crisis there is sleek over a need to raise labour preparation in the future. A need that the Danes probably can non fulfil and it may therefrom be requirement to attract foreign highly-skilled labour. The current crisis has made it harder to lead money and the credit conditions in Denmark are tight at the bit (OECD, 2009). 5. 2 Demand Conditions An example of how the character of the home demand has helped build competitive prise is the environmental awareness of Danish consumers. This has led Denmark to be competitive within for example water pollution control equipment, but also many other products related to the environment (Dess, et al. , 2004).The Danish consumers work to be relatively demanding and quality-conscious. Furthermore, they bid to boycott products if they roundhow get dreadful immatures about the products (Agri-food Trade Service). This can coerce companies to meet high standards and prod them to precede and upgrade (Porter, 2008). The challenges for demand conditions at the moment are the diminished household wealth and the rising employment, which decreases the Danes purchasing force-out. It is hard to sound out whether the demand conditions in Denmark create a good environment for businesses. It will be highly dependent on the specific business area. 5. 3 Related and Supporting IndustriesAs mentioned, cluster focus on a regional level has increased and several local initiatives abide been realised (Nordic Innovation, Cluster Observatory). The continuous focus means that cluster development welcome good conditions and this could also be an indicator for a high level of related and supporting industries. Though, it is hard to give a general depict about related and supporting industries in Denmark. The fact that Denmark geographically is a small country could lead to the thought that the small scale mart is not big enough to get suppliers t o locate in Denmark. 5. 4 Context for Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry One of the main advantages for companies located in Denmark is the co-operative labour-employer relations and the so-called flexicurity model.When rights and forms of governance are authentic on the Danish labour market twain trade unions and employers associations are Copernican players. Trade union parsimony is about 74% and the density of employers associations is about 52%. The trade unions and the employers association agree that the flexicurity model is an advantage for the Danish labour market and the business environment. Flexicurity refers to the flexible Danish labour market and the high level of social security. The policy was showtime introduced in Demark in the 1990s as a response to high unemployment rate. First steps of implementation were undertaken in 1994 and concerned in-depth reforms of labor market, aimed primarily at reduction of structural unemployment, as well as introduction of substantialness welfare schemes.Companies can easier adjust to up and down turns in the economy because of easy hiring and firing as well as work time and wage flexibility. Trade unions accept this flexibility because its members are protected by the state, which admits them with high unemployment benefits and access to health services, education, etc. (Jensen, 2008). Owing to the flexicurity model, Danish economy cherishes now a low level of unemployment, as well as low social exclusion rates. However, the policy requires a trade-off of high fiscal burdens for citizens. Economic slack, weak exports and reduced investment in R&D means that local rivalry could be on a standstill (OECD, 2009). 5. 5 Government the Influence of Macroeconomic PoliciesGovernment through its policies mustiness ensure an environment where businesses can gain competitive advantage. In order to ensure a functioning capital market during the crisis the government has given assures to banks and its customer s as well as capital injections. This has improved the capital market and given better access to capital for businesses. Because of the slow growth the Danish government has launched a Growth Forum, which will voice communication the issue of productivity growth and how it can be improved. Another policy which helps creating good factor conditions for the Danish business environment is the strong labour market policies, which offer activation and development for unemployed as well as supplementary training for employees.In this way unemployed stay in touch with the labour market and it is ensured that their skills are up-to-date when businesses need them. Furthermore, labour market policies try to support international recruitment and to save people on the antic market longer before they fork out to boost labour add, which will be in high demand after the crisis. Fiscal policy has boosted disposable income and demand by a major tax reform, which means tax cuts for households. Moreover, the government has released the funds from a special compulsory pension saving course, which give households further liquidness (OECD, 2009). Furthermore, the chase rate is now the lowest ever at 1. 15 %, which are good news for the households with a mortgage loan (Guardian, 2010).In 2006, the Danish government introduced a globalisation strategy for Denmark, which found a lot of new initiatives within education, research and development, entrepreneurship and an innovate society. One of the aims of the strategy is to make Denmark more ready and open for global business (Globalisering, 2006). Furthermore, in 2009 the Danish government has launched several measures to encourage a green growth recovery from the financial crisis. The initiatives include among others green air, improved environmental performance of the agricultural sector and a home doctor up and refurbishment incentive to save elan vital (OECD, 2009). These strategies, policies and initiatives create a better environment for companies to compete in. Figure 2 picSource police squad analysis 5. 6 Institutions for Collaboration There are several institutions supporting and functional together with Danish businesses. Universities like the IT University of Denmark, Technical University of Denmark and Copenhagen Business School work actively with companies, trades and industries (ITU, DTU, CBS). Furthermore, the confederacy of Danish Industries as a representative for many industries also has closing curtain ties to different business schools and universities (DI). Invest in Denmark, a part of the Danish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, helps foreign companies to locate in Denmark and create joint ventures with Danish companies (Investindk).Moreover, several knowledge centers like Innovation Center Copenhagen, Mind science lab and Innovation Lab work together with companies to innovate and upgrade engineering science and business in Denmark (Innovation Lab). PART II THE DANISH WIND ENERGY CLUSTER 6. Historical Development of the Cluster 6. 1 Wind Energy in Denmark before the 1970s Due to the Denmarks oversize coastline, the temper is characterised by consistent and relatively strong lifts. The absence of other natural sources than arch influenced Denmark to take a pioneers role in starting an effort to implement fart technology as understructure for electrification and to experiment with it (Vestergaard et. al, 2004).The first cuckoldmill in Denmark was mentioned 1259 in Flong. The modern flex life force utilization has a tradition that covers more than 100 years of research in meteorology and locomote turbine manufacturing. In 1891 Poul La Cour, a Danish professor in natural science at the Askov folks High School, and a team of scientist make the first horn in turbine funded by the Danish government. La Cour was drawing on the results of two contemporary Danish engineers and scientists. H. C. Vogt and J. Irminger participated together with the Am erican P. S. Langley in formulating modern theory on aerodynamics and lift drag with the purpose to experiment with bullock power to product electricity (Vestergaard, et al. , 2004).In 1918 a fourth of all Danish plain stations (120) used wreathe turbines to generate power. After the World War I the Danish interest in get up Energy waned, because of the sufficient allow of fossil fuel. The machines were rapidly outdated in 1920 only 75 turbines were left (Andersen, 1999). By the 1930s Denmark was ahead of many other countries in the wrench turbine industry and turbines became traditional in the Danish countryside. La Cour gave courses at the Askov Folk High School so that it became possible to study enlace dynamism for Danish cheat electricians. Soon La Cour and one of his students became the most prominent manufacturers in Denmark. However at that time there was still no real international competition.One of the students in snarf brawniness was Johannes Juul who atten ded La Cour? s courses in 1904 and later worked as headsman engineer for a power corporation, SEAS. Juul started an R&D programme in revoke expertness utilization. This R&D effort formed the primer for his design of a modern electricity purloin turbine built in 1957, which is today well known as the 200kW Gedser machine. The Gedser machine was in cubicleed in 1959 and was in operation until 1967 (DWIA, 2008). 6. 2 The Danish Wind Energy Cluster in the 1970s The First Hesitant Beginning In the 1970 there was an change green movement in the western sandwich countries. This was encouraged by the first and second oil crisis in 1973 and 1979.Denmark which was staggeringly dependent on import oil pursued an active policy of dynamism savings, increasing self sufficiency, and diversification of energy sources until the mid 1980s. Since then, energy policy has increasingly promoted the use of renewable energy to ensure environmentally sustainable economic development (Krohn, 2002). This increasing political focus on environmental protection and sustainable development provided the framework for the development of the Danish raise energy sector. The realistic and technical development in the 1970s was first carried out by few entrepreneurs, tradesmen and people with high ideals about renewable energy. Christian Riisager was a carpenter from west Jutland.In the mid 1970s, he was one of the first who triumphfully designed a turbine to be marketed and attached to the grid. The turbine was a 15kW turbine which generated more electricity than the household could consume, the excess electricity went into the grid. The Riisager turbine was the basis for modern pull turbines with high towers and three blades. Riisager produced more than 70 turbines and later he established the firm Wind-Matic (DWIA, 2008). Karl Erik Jorgensen also started to make wind turbines in the mid 70s. In 1978, he teamed up with Henrik Stiesdal, a young student and worked on a three-blade t urbine. In 1978 they true a 30 kW turbine with an enhanced guard duty system.Vestas, which manufactured agricultural machines at that time, bought the turbine on a license and started in-house merchandise and development of wind turbines (DWIA, 2008). While these innovative designs of small machines appeared politicians began to take interest in the new development. Partly because of the energy supply crisis, partly as a reaction to the popular opposition to nuclear power in Denmark. An incentives programme in the form of capital grants for adeptness of wind turbines (30% of in detect outation be) was established in the end of the 1970s and was dropped in 1989. In 1977 the Risoe National Laboratory which was originally established to research in nuclear power formed its entrance to wind turbine R&D.A measurement programme co-funded by the US department of energy was carried out by the Risoe National Laboratory (Andersen, 1999). Risoe also draw on a tradition on boundary layer meteorology and wind climate studies. The Technical University of Denmark go on the studies of aerodynamics and wind tunnel experiments, so that their research on wind climate, model laws, terrain roughness, and shelter effects formed the scientific platform for Risoe? s work on the Danish and European Wind Atlas which was initiated in the late 1970s. Risoe National Laboratory also occupied the approval job for different causes of wind turbines (Andersen, 1999).In order to ensure that the government supported turbines also had a certain quality and precaution, legislation on typecast approval for wind turbines was established. Today more than 100 scientists and engineers are working for the institution which has an pregnant department in wind energy with grand interactions with the wind energy community world-wide. Risoe? s work on turbine safety has been important in ensuring the reliability of modern wind turbines (Krohn, 2002). On whitethorn 4th 1978 the acquaintance of Wind Turbine Owners was formed, and the first Wind turbine guild or cooperative was established in 1980. 6. 3 The Wind Energy Cluster in the 1980sThe Gedser wind turbine itself was built and financed by the power keep company SEAS. In the advance(prenominal) 1980s Danish power companies took early interest in wind energy and in large wind turbines and built two experimental machines, one pitch regulated and one stall regulated, of 630 kW each. But the woo of energy from the large turbines was so high that series manufacturing was not even envisaged (Krohn, 2002). Riisagers and other manufacturers success motivated some manufacturers of agricultural machinery to enter in the growing turbine manufacturing sector which provided promising commercial possibilities. Among these companies were Vestas, Nordtank, Bonus (now second Wind Power), Nordex, and later Micon (Krohn, 2002).The Danish Wind diligence experience, a non profit association, whose purpose is to promote wind energy at home and abroad, was founded in 1981. Manufacturers soon became members of the association so today there are more than 220 members across Denmark. The condition of receiving the 30% construction subsidy from the government was that the turbine had been approved by the new test station for small turbines set up by the Risoe National Laboratory. The component part of Risoe National Laboratory so changed from being that of a controlling entity to a more technology-mediating unit. In 1982 the test station issued the first combined hitch paradigm, which established that all wind turbine components had to be dimensioned for twice the load compared to the traditional norm.The result of this policy was that the Danish wind turbines gained the reputation for being undeviating and robust (DWIA, 2008). The Wind Energy Department of Risoe National Laboratory became worldwide known for its expertise with tight connections to the Technical University of Denmark and also increasingly connecti ons with Aalborg University (electricity aspects). Gains of productivity thanks to the European Wind Atlas in the years 1980 1985 could be realised by better sit down of wind turbines. The Danish type approval certification scheme has been a very dynamic peckerwood to foster better design procedures in wind turbine manufacturing companies.It has also been important in winning the confidence of professional investors worldwide (Krohn, 2002). In the early 1980s the State of California began a programme of supporting wind energy development. Danish manufacturers having the longest track record had already true several coevalss of successively larger machines in small series. The California market expanded dramatically, allowing an enormous volume of return of wind turbines. The Danish manufacturers supplied thousands of turbines to the regular army from 1982. Bonus, Vestas and Nordtank all participated in the wind boom launched in California until the market came to an abrupt ha lt in 1986. The problem was that manufacturers had become dependent on a champion market.When the California wind programme ended in 1985-1986, a large matter of the 20-odd manufacturers went bankrupt because they had few alternative markets for their products (Krohn, 2002). The economic collapse in the industry caused an elimination race in the following years. All the small manufacturers disappeared or were taken over by Vestas, Bonus, Nordtank, Micon and Nordex. Thus began a long haul for the remaining manufacturers, who then tried to continue their market base to include several countries (DWIA, 2008). 6. 4 The Energy Policy of the Danish Government since the 1980s/1990s In 1985 the Danish government decided that nuclear power should not be an element of future energy supply.Beside the 30% subsidy of the construction costs for wind turbines which endured until 1989 the government began, since the mid 1980s, to push an active agenda with the aim to implement renewable and dive rse energy sources (Meyer, 2007). In a 15 year plan for large scale implementation of wind-generated electricity countrywide the government marked the countrys goal of meeting 10 per cent of Danish electricity consumption by wind in the year 2005, implying an installed base of 1,500 MW of installed wind capacitance (Sharman, 2005). Danish government had very wide ranging powers for enactment of utilities. These regulations took many forms, including energy efficiency and demand-side management measures.Integrated Resource provision was an integral part of the procedure through which the power companies obtained permission to install new generating capacitance. different measures included price and accountancy controls. The government had ordered the utilities to install 400 MW of wind power on land to date. The first two orders of 100 MW each were already issued in 1985 and 1990. The latest onshore order for 200 MW to be completed before the year 2000 was issued in 1996. In 1 998 a new order was issued for 750 MW of inshore wind power. The Danish energy plan Energy21 from 1996 set up a soft touch of even 4000 MW of offshore wind power in 2030 (Krohn1, 2002).To avoid dis understandings between utilities and wind power producers over conditions for grid connections and tariffs, the Danish government introduced in 1992 regulations about the feed-in tariff, which was fixed at 85% of the utility production and distribution costs (Meyer, 2007). 6. 5 The Cluster of Modern Wind Turbines since 1990 In the early 1990s Vestas, Bonus (now south), Nordtank, Micon and Nordex represented the wind turbine manufacturers in the Danish cluster. Most of them had a track record of more than 10 years. The size of the wind turbines grew enormously in a perpetual race to develop renewable energy which was capable to compete with the conventional technologies in terms of electricity product and price. At the beginning of the 90s, the average wind turbine had a capacity of 20 0-300 kW, which had big(a) to 1-2 MW in the late 90s. achieverful domestic turbine manufacturers became world leaders in the wind turbine production (DWIA, 2008). A service sector to maintain and repair installed equipment true. The industry left, after further consolidation, two large manufacturers in Denmark, Siemens Wind Power A/S (owned by German Siemens AG) and Vestas Wind Systems A/S and several businesses which are involved in the industry and organised in the Danish Wind Industry draw. In 1991 the Vindeby offshore wind park opened and in 1995 the wind rise at Tunoe Knob, equipped by Bonus and Vestas. The offshore market play a more and more important role for the cluster and 95% of the offshore installed turbines are of Danish origin (DWIA, 2008).In 2001 Danish wind turbine companies had a market share of 50% of the world market (Krohn, 2002). The fortune of electricity provided by wind power rose from less then 5% in 1995 to almost 20% in 2003. The total installed base of wind power was some 1,100 MW at the end of 1997. This made Denmark to the third largest wind power country in the world. All turbines were produced domestically. In 1997 there were 10,000 people employed in the wind power sector, a weigh that grew up to 23,500 in 2007. In 2006 the Danish Wind Industry affiliation created the Talent Factory to improve the career opportunities among engineering students (DWIA, 2008).More than 80% of the 6,300 wind turbines in Denmark were owned by energy co-operatives, or item-by-item farmers. 150,000 Danish families owned wind turbines or shares in wind co-operatives in 2002 (Krohn, 2002). 7. Description of the Wind Energy Cluster Today Denmark hosts some of the worlds largest wind turbine manufacturers. Vestas Wind Systems, a truly Danish company is situated in Denmark (Vestas). Furthermore, German Siemens Wind Power and Indian Suzlon have established their global head quarters in the country (Siemens, Invest in DK1). besides German Nordex ( formerly Danish) and Spanish Gamesa have established respectively offices and R revolve abouts in Denmark (Nordex, Gamesa).These are big global players In 2008 Vestas counted for 19% of the world market, Gamesa for 11% and Nordex and Siemens 7% respectively (EcoSeed). other(a) smaller manufacturers are Norwin A/S, Wincon A/S and Gaia Wind Energy A/S. There is a strong branch of associations connected with wind energy and among them are the Danish Wind Industry companionship (www. windpower. org), Danish Energy Industries Association and Danish Wind Turbine Owners Association. In 2007, wind energy in Denmark produced about 7,173 GWh. This corresponded to 19. 7% of domestic energy supply or to the consumption of about 2. 03 million Danish households, compared to 16. 9% in 2006 and only 1. 9% in 1990. In 2007, wind power capacity accounted for 3,124 MW (i. . 24. 1% the total electricity capacity), 424 MW being offshore wind turbines. In 1990 wind power capacity was 343 MW (Energy St atistics, 2007). Projections by the Danish Wind Industry Association estimate an increase of the yearly instalment of new capacity of about 17% by 2011, reaching more than 200,000 MW. As far as offshore turbines are concerned, 7,600 MW are expected to be installed by the same year (EREC). Wind turbine manufacturing, maintenance, installation and consultancy services account for some 16,000 jobs in Denmark, while component supplies and installation of these Danish turbines currently create another 8,000 jobs worldwide.The global job creation of Danish wind turbine companies are substantially larger than these figures indicate only about 9 billion DKK (1. 2 billion EUR) is due to turbines manufactured in Denmark. The rest are manufactured in Germany, Spain, India, Italy, and the U. S. , i. e. in countries where there is a substantial home market (Krohn, 2002). 7. 1 VESTAS Worlds no. 1 Turbine Manufacturer As Vestas is the world leader on the global market for wind energy and one of th e key drivers of the Danish wind energy cluster a short description of the company will be given. Vestas was founded in 1898 by H. S. Hansen, a blacksmith, in Denmark. He and his son manufactured vane windows for industrial constructs.In 1945, his son established the company VEstjysk-STalteknik A/S, whose name was shortened to Vestas. In 1979, Vestas delivered the first wind turbines. Vestas have installed over 39,000 wind turbines in 63 countries on 5 continents. In 2008, Vestas installed a new turbine every three hours worldwide, generating more than 60 million MWh a year. Vestas has developed from a pioneer in the industry with a staff of around 60 people in 1987 to a global, hi-tech and market-leading company employing more than 20,000 people. Vestas reached revenues of EUR 6,035 million with operational margin of 11. 1% in 2008 and they got global market share of 19% (5,581 MW).Vestas core business comprises the development, manufacture, sale and maintenance of wind turbines . Their expertise in modern energy covers more than just wind turbines. They specialise in planning, installation, operation and maintenance. Their competencies cover everything from site studies to service and maintenance. Vestas is bossy by a high degree of vertical integration. At the same time, production and sourcing are carried out as close to the market as possible. In 2008, Vestas opened the worlds largest research and development nerve centre for wind energy in Aarhus (Denmark) which will house more than 900 employees (Vestas). 8. Wind Energy Cluster Cluster DiamondNow Porters Diamond model will be used to analyse the competitive strengths and weaknesses of the Danish wind energy cluster. 8. 1 Factor Conditions Factor conditions important to the wind energy cluster are the natural resource in form of wind conditions and the scientific base as well as human capital within the field of wind energy. Denmark has relatively subaltern to good average wind. Onshore wind resour ces are highest in the Western part of the country, and on the Eastern islands with coastlines facing South or West. The country has very large offshore wind resources and large areas of sea stain with a shallow water depth of 5 to 15 m, where sitting is most feasible. These sites offer higher wind speeds (Krohn1, 2002).The relatively good wind conditions have been an advantage in the past when the wind energy cluster was growing and still operated primarily in the home market. As the operations have gone global the Danish wind conditions are not so important anymore. In stark contrast to Germany, Sweden, the USA, Canada, and the UK, publicly financed R projects played a relatively minor role in initiating the early development of the Danish wind turbine industry. The early stimulus came in the form of investment grants, supporting market development for small scale in private owned turbines. Later, the Danish Government and the EU have financed a significant fig of basic research projects, and given some support to development projects (Krohn, 2002).One of the reasons for Suzlon to establish its global headquarters in Denmark was exactly the work knowledge the country possesses. The chairman of Suzlon declared Denmark is global leader in know-how for wind-energy. That is why our global head quarter will be here. (Invest in DK1). On the educational front, the universities offer specialized wind engineer educations and the research centres offer various training courses targeted peculiarly at the wind energy industry, for instance the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Wind Master Education Aalborg University Wind Master. engineering science College of Aarhus (IHA) has developed a specialisation in wind turbine construction with the main focus on mechanical components (DWIA, 2008).Risoe Wind Energy Department, University of Aalborg and University of Aarhus have conjointly established a knowledge centre Danish University Wind Energy Training (DUWET) which offers a research based supplementary education for employees in the wind industry. DUWET collects wind energy knowledge and research and offers courses and specialist training for anyone in the industry. A consortium consisting of the research centres Risoe National Laboratory, Danish hydraulic Institute (DHI), The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), and Aalborg University form a national power centre within wind energy research and thus a merry part of the wind energy cluster. Therefore, the scientific base for the wind energy cluster is highly developed and provides the cluster with highly skilled labour. 8. 2 Demand ConditionsDenmark is somewhat unique among wind turbine markets, since the market really grew out of a popular interest in alternative generating technologies, partly in opposition to the use of nuclear power, partly as a result of the energy supply crisis in the late 1970s, when oil prices skyrocketed due to OPEC action and political and military unrest in the Middle East. The well-organised Danish wind turbine owners have been a very important driving force for debugging and amend Danish wind technology in its earlier years (Krohn, 2002). hidden individuals, either as members of wind energy co-operatives, or as owners of a wind turbine (farmers) account for more than 80% of the 5024 wind turbines in Denmark (DWIA, 2009). This number shows the strong interest of Danes in wind energy and their support for building new wind farms.The Danish home market is what created the modern Danish wind industry originally, and gave it the testing ground to sort out both wind technology and manufacturing technology. The openness and interest of the Danish consumers have unimpeachably supported the demand in the early years of the cluster and pushed its development. Today few wind turbines are set up in Denmark compared to the world market and the local demand has lost some of its importance. 8. 3 Context for Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Danish energy policy has indirectly played an important role in fostering the commercial success of the Danish wind industry. The Danish energy policy for renewable energy has been a model for many markets in the world.In countries as close as Germany, France or Spain and as remote as China or Argentina Danish support schemes for renewable energy have been copied and/or adapted to local circumstances. Danish long-term energy planning such as Energy 21 has been widely quoted throughout the world. One of the basic reasons why wind energy has such a prominent place in Danish energy planning is the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Kyoto Protocol Denmark has to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 21% in relation to 1990. The targets apply from 2008 to 2012 (COP15). More than one third of that target is being met using wind energy to supersede coal-fired power generation (Krohn3, 2002). Thus, the Danish policies give good conditions for renewable energy comp anies.Denmark has introduced feed-in tariffs for renewable energy plants connected prior to 21 April 2004. renewable energy plants receive the have it away market price plus a subsidy to provide a guaranteed price of 8. 1 eurocents/kWh, applicable for 20 years from date of connection. Renewable energy facilities connected after 21 April 2004 are getting production incentives. Wind plants receive the spot market price plus a 1. 3 eurocents/kWh production incentive which will be applicable for 20 years from the date of connection. Moreover, additional subsidies of 1. 6 eurocents/kWh are provided for new facilities that replace decommissioned wind turbines 450 kW and smaller (Porter, 2006).The Energy Agreement of 21 February 2008 contains an fair game of increasing the percentage of renewable energy to 20% of the gross energy consumption by 2011. In the projection, the renewable energy share in 2011 is 20. 5% (Energy Statistics 2007). Improvement of incentives to encourage the instal lation of wind turbines is among the initiatives which will follow up the political accord of 21 February 2008. The new act comprises the framework for overall local government planning for wind turbines and a guarantee fund of DKK 10 million to subsidise the funding of local wind turbine guild preliminary investigations etc. and a model for local co-ownership.In connection with onshore wind turbine planning, the government will enter into an agreement with the National Association of Local Authorities in Denmark on municipal planning for 75 MW each in 2010 and in 2011. In addition, work is being done on establishing a payment scheme which will cover neighbours to onshore wind turbines for losses in property value as a result of wind turbine installations. The continued expansion of offshore wind turbine facilities will make an important contribution to achieving renewable energy targets. The work of offering two offshore wind turbine farms of 200 MW each or possibly one farm of 400 MW started in 2008 with a view to commissioning in 2012.In addition, work started on the update of the offshore wind turbine action plan, which examines the location of new farms, the possible try-on of the tender model, considerations of previous building maturity and open doors with payment as onshore turbines. Subsidies for new wind turbines will be increased to 25 oere/kWh for 22,000 peak load hours and 2. 3 oere/kWh in balancing costs and 0. 4 oere/kWh for the green fund (Energy Policy Statement, 2008). Rivalry can hardly be explained on a local level anymore as the wind turbine manufacturers have gone global and are direct all over the world today. In the earlier stage of the cluster, rivalry on the Danish market was tense resulting in many take-overs and mergers and ending with one single true Danish company, Vestas. 8. 4 Related and Supporting IndustriesThe background of the Danish turbine manufacturers was different from wind power companies in the U. S. , Sweden, or Ge rmany. Names like Boeing, Lockheed, Westinghouse, MBB, and Siemens indicate a strong background in aircraft and author manufacturing. Interestingly, however, practically all of todays remaining larger wind turbine manufacturers have a machinery manufacturing background rather than an aircraft background. Although modern wind turbine technology resembles helicopter technology, the operating requirements are very different (Krohn, 2002). A number of industrial enterprises have developed important businesses as suppliers of major components for wind turbines.LM Glasfiber A/S is the worlds largest producer of fibre glass rotor blades for wind turbines, with an employment of more than 1,000 people. Danish manufacturers of electronic wind turbine controllers likewise have a very large market share worldwide. DanControl Engineering A/S, Mita Teknik A/S and DWC A/S produce controller and communication systems. Svendborg brake A/S is a leading vendor of mechanical braking systems. Also Dani sh subsidiaries of large international industries such as Siemens, ABB, SKF, FAG, etc. have developed businesses in the wind power industry (Danish Energy Authority, 2002). Other industrial service enterprises have created important businesses in servicing the wind power industry.For example companies are specialised in providing cranes for installations of wind turbines providing transport of turbines, towers and blades domestically and for export. Service and maintenance of the more than 6000 wind turbines in Denmark is carried out by the manufacturers own service departments. But also a handful of independent service companies have been established for instance DWP Molleservice A/S and DanService A/S. Moreover, there are also specialised service providers like banks (Ringkoebing Bank has specialized in financing wind power projects), insurance companies, engineering and management consultancies (Andersen, 2003). The major Danish consultancies in wind energy utilisation are BTMCon sult Aps, E Data, Tech-wise A/S, SEAS Wind Energy Centre, WEA ApS and Tripod ApS (Danish Energy Authority, 2002). Figure 3 Cluster Diamond pic Source Team Analysis 9. Strategic Issues Facing Denmark and the Wind Energy Cluster Denmark is at the moment the leading centre within the field of wind power. However during the recent years a significant change in technology and markets has taken place. Denmark is faced with the challenge to maintain its leading position in spite of growing competition from firms operating in lower cost countries, especially China. The wind energy cluster and the political system must assume a proactive position towards this change to ensure that Denmark will strengthen its position as unique value creator.Denmark must provide the most effective wind power that ensures its best integration in the accumulated energy system, so that Denmark in the future can still provide wind power technology to energy systems with a large proportion of wind power. The indus trial environment is built on a foundation which consists of a significant effort in research and education as well as innovative development focused on environmentally sustainability. This field of wind power is influenced by cooperation and knowledge-sharing to find technological development tracks. Nevertheless this foundation has been weakened regarding the cooperation within the industry, new technological tracks within the industry and education and recruitment.The Danish research-environment has a leading position within a number of areas, but great challenges in step with the rapid development of international markets put a lot of pressure of the Danish knowledge centre to hold on the talented researchers and students. In order to maintain the unique Danish position, an extraordinary effort must be put in. The strategic issues are focusing on both, development of the wind power industry by improving wind turbines and say-so of wind power, and the improvement of the knowledg e centre regarding research and education. As foundation and demonstration focusing on the testing of windmills has previously been one-dimensional there are strategic issues to mentioned, that recommend an accumulated strategy for esting and demonstration of components and turbine parts, wind turbines and wind farms and wind power plants in the energy system, so that the facilities cover the whole value train. Creating one strategy for the whole value chain with sub-strategies for each of the three dimensions would strengthen the integration and the competitiveness of the wind power industry. Another important issue regards the research effort. The long-term university research and education should be strengthened by prioritisation of fundamental or generic technologies that are part of the development of wind turbines and power plants. This also considers the whole value chain, so from turbine part until integration of the wind power into the electricity supply system (e. g. urb ine design, blades, wind loads and sitting, integration into electricity supply system and offshore technology). Including a roadmap and measurable criteria for every area, this strategy could be developed by using the existing research environment as a basis and build on the efforts from previous research. Especially offshore technology research should be strengthened and framework conditions for cooperation between research institutions and industry. This could be provided through common guidelines for the frames of cooperation. Following these recommendations, Denmark will be prepared to face the current challenges. 10. Policy recommendations for the appropriate constituencies National and regional authoritiesAs Denmark faces now serious challenges in terms of the development of their cluster structure, it is essential that respective authorities undertake significant steps in order to prepare the environment for sustainable growth. First of all, it is worth mentioning that autho rities have to actively participate in funding of regional growth environments. As well as this, they should encourage and support the emergence of appropriate initiatives, especially in those regions, where other constituencies have already been mobilized. Clusters in Denmark have proved to be a sufficient and effective tool in innovation policy and therefore it is necessary to sustain and improve their presence.Next, authorities have to focus on building sound economic framework, in order to create investment-friendly environment. As inflow of capital is inextricably connected with Denmark clustering strategy, it is necessary to maintain an incentive-oriented structure of attracting new investors. That step is also authoritative in case the authorities are unable to further finance certain projects. Therefore, respective responsibilities have to be shifted to private sector. Companies and trade associations With the emergence of clusters, companies are starting to play increasin gly more important role. They should along with trade associations be able to clearly formulate their needs and be able to influence the authorities to implement them.As well as this, it becomes their responsibility to focus more on investments in innovation. That is why it is necessary for respective companies and supporting associations to work together in creation of competence and knowledge centers. Universities As far as academic involvement is concerned, universities specializing in certain arts should play a supportive role in development of clusters. It has proven to work in the past, as Copenhagen Business School provided companies with field research and required theoretical frameworks. Therefore, the ties between academic and business world have to be tightened, so as to achieve a 360-degree cooperation of all the constituencies involved in projects. 11.Conclusion In this paper I analysed Denmark and its wind energy cluster. Denmark has a very stable and solid economy, but also faces some serious challenges in increasing productivity growth and educating and attracting human capital. Denmarks heavy tax burden might be a hindrance. The wind energy cluster is by the end of its growth stage in its life cycle and now needs to innovate to keep growing. 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