EHealth Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

EHealth - Coursework ExampleSeveral ehealth projects have been initiated to aid patients piteous from the disease. As such, these projects have had a world-shaking impact on people suffering from delirium and their relatives or caregivers (Ball & Lillis, 2001).In 2010, it was estimated that 35.6 million people were suffering from dementia globally. In fact, this number represents approximately 0.5% of the worlds population. Studies estimate the number to rise up to 115.4 million people by 2050. Furthermore, people have a 20% chance of suffering from dementia during their lifetime. In regard to gender, women are at a higher risk of suffering from the disease during their lifetime. madness is associated with old age. The older a person becomes, the higher the chances of suffering from the disease. 40 % of people aged to a higher place 90 years are suffering from the disease (Ferri et al, 2006). Individual suffering from the disease tend to pass on thing easily when compared to no rmal old individuals or people. Unlike normal people who are adapted to perform their daily activities easily, people suffering from dementia experience a lot of difficulties while carrying step forward their daily chores and activities. Dementia is a costly disease to maintain. The total estimated global cost of the disease amounted to 604 million dollars. This is a significant sum of resources/ funds. Due to the continued increase in dementia cases, the cost is expect to massively increase by 85%.In todays world, information and communication engine room has become an integral part in nearly all sectors of society. As such, mobile applications, the internet and another(prenominal) technologies have infiltrated all sectors including health care (Krishna, Boren & Balas, 2009). Basically, e health is defined as the utilization of ICT to purify and deliver health care services in the society (Maheu, Whitten & Allen, 2002).

Health Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Economics - Essay ExampleFor Getzen, some HMOs may be undertake risk pickax by only accepting healthy patients in order for them to create best profit. Some of them find it advantageous on their part to reduce services or quality of mete out once there would be implementation of easy savings from discounting and substitution. In other words, HMOs have ever so to mean business and this leads them to expect to experience favorable or adverse selection. Considering the number of commercial employees, oddly in large companies, there efficiency be great savings on both the film and supply sides referable to substantial numbers in a group, and the risk selection process might not be that tough on the part of HMOs to ward off loss and optimize profitability. This is due to the fact that working individuals in various large companies are on a regular foothold had to ensure their health safety to optimize their productivity. As a result, the commercial employee benefit comme rcialize in states with large number of immigrants and service-based economy may have higher percentage of insured individuals compared to those in states with warm unionized industrial and manufacturing base (Kovner & Knickman, 2011, p.33). As a result, Kovner and Knickman added 80 percent of uninsured are in families with either full or part-time workers in small businesses. This would particularly increase HMOs magnitude of selection bias in this type of commercial employee benefit market, as they would also consider the profit they could create. On the other hand, there would be more profit for HMOs if less medical examination care is provided (Holcombe, 1995, p.136). Considering the need for medical services in the US is an upward spiral especially for low-income population (Andersen, Rice & Kominski, 2007, p.22), the medical market on the part of HMOs should have wider scope of risk selection process and even bias at some point just to ensure profitability will not be set as ide.2. What incentives

Computed Tomography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computed imagery - Assignment Examplelues based on dispersed dose quantities while on the other side, the NCRP proficiency demonstrated an overestimation of the least vital obstacle of depth. Breast protect method is another shielding method. It helps in reducing radiation dose. The main side effect of breast shielding is that it produces low persona images during the study. Bismuth shielding method on the other side has also contributed to reduce doses effects to patients of CT such as breast, thyroid and eye lens. (Jankowski et al., 2004). Bismuth shielding method is also easy to exercise comp ard to other methods. Radiation protection shielding helps in reducing exposed body parts which are sensitive such as thyroid and gonads and the breast from radiation. Having gone through several findings about computed mental imagery radiation protection shield, it is our concern to consider different body parts that experiences radiation effects. The reviews specify a favorite shields for computed tomography angiography versus ventilation perfusion scanning in the diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolus to the patients with lung disease (Jankowski et al., 2004). The nature of color is geared with a number of factors that varies between the institutions and the selection of the patient. Shielding calculations for computed tomography system is based on British Institute of Radiology and institute of physics in Engineering in Medicine (BIR-IPEM). Studies pause that people are much affected by computed tomography (Jankowski et al., 2004).

TD#1 week 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TD1 week 8 - Assignment Exampleors that may affect their wellbeing and discussing individualized fretfulness with patients and constraining the information that physicians and nurses can reveal to patients.Notably, these laws pose a threat to the nursing and medical profession as they generate undue problems that have the effect of restricting access to the required care and time nurses spend with patients.As a result, nurses have the responsibility of influencing diverseness (Mason et al., 2011) and safeguarding the nursing profession from intrusion by the government and other authorities. In this case, it is imperative for the nurses to sensitize on the whole the stakeholders in wellness care, including the authorities, on their responsibility and support towards the privacy and the significance of the patient-physician relationship in health care. This sensitization would involve lobbying to the local congressperson and health care commissioner. Through this lobbying, a nurse can in any case focus on showing the role of risk factors and disclosure of information to patients in patient care and identification of health care interventions (Mason et al., 2011). Additionally, as a nurse, it would be effective to use the internet as a medium to sensitize the distinct stakeholders within the health care on their role and how these regulations have-to doe with on the delivery of care.Ginsburg,J., Snyder,L., & Centor,R. (2013). Statement of principles on the role of the government in regulating Patient-Physician relationship. American College of Physicians, 1, 1-16. Retrieved from

Fallacy Spotting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Fallacy Spotting - Essay drilla time that there was a declare that a school head in unrivaled of the states in the U.S was engaging in gay activities with small boys, hence sodomizing the boys. such(prenominal) a claim went on and on until many people begun to generalize that school heads in that State sodomize school boys. Such a claim is categorized under hasty generalizations as it is unethical to use one detached case to make a generalization over all school heads in the self-coloured State. This claim is thus based on inadequate evidence (Julia). It will be unfair to make such an unfortunate claim that will go to an extent of tarnishing the names of all school heads in the whole State without any adequate evidence (Purdue). It therefore doesnt meet the required threshold of a claim that should be considered to be generalized to all the school heads in the State. The conclusion of the claim is therefore hasty and fallacious (Nizkor).It is also a hasty and fallacious conclu sion that can be reached afterwards interviewing just one person on a University on whether they can speak French, and if they say they fagt speak French, then your conclusion is that everyone in the University doesnt speak French

Juvenile Recidivism in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile Recidivism in the United States - Essay ExampleThis research tells that the examination of juvenile wickedness and procedures has hitherto focused on the flows of the justice processes and the psychology of minor criminals. This has shown that juveniles tend to re-offend inside four long time of their earlier offense and when the arrests were caused by drug issues, the likelihood of being arrested again increased up to 70%. look for has supported this finding of re-arrest among juveniles statistically, however, the literature review above has pointed out that such data is chiefly limited to first arrests through January 2005 and does not take into account the arrests for different offenses occurring when the criminal was in custody. Research also shows that re-arrest strides vary in different boroughs and there is also a higher rate of juvenile offending among males as compared to females. Imprisoning young offenders in adult prisons also appears to be compounding the caper of juvenile recidivism. Juveniles are apprehended for serious crimes such as murder, aggravated assault, robbery and rape as well as less serious offenses such as violation of drug laws, lewd acts or copulation. The rationale offered for a commission of such crimes is their association with adult male prisoners. Since they are raped by adult criminals during their initial prison terms, these juveniles seek to wreak vengeance by committing sex crimes after their wipe out from prison. The Sentencing Guidelines Commission of Washington, in an annual report on recidivism, suggests that juveniles experience pleasure while committing crimes, which is why they paraphrase them. A major part of a juvenile criminal activity in centered within sexual acts such as rape, sodomy, etc, suggesting that the pleasure in the sexual act is the motivating factor. The comforts such as food and shelter offered at prisons also function as an impediment to the deterrent comfort of the prisons, henc e it may be necessary to consider improving the penitentiary atmosphere and beefing up the punitive aspect of existing prison programs.

The Role of the United Nations in a Collective Security Essay

The Role of the unify Nations in a Collective Security - Essay ExampleRecent international developments, however, have turn up that corporate security department as envisaged by the UN Charter of 1945 is inadequate to meet the exigencies of the times. In the past, the collective security function of the United Nations had often failed because it had become a battleground of the two superpowers which emerged after the 2nd sphere War. The UN, especially its, however, security functions, was held hostage to the power play of these two countries. Even before the dust of the war had settled, the intense competition for global supremacy between the United States (US) and the Union of the Soviet Socialist democracy (USSR) began to take root into what has been called the Cold War, so termed because despite the intense fighting between the two sides on all fronts it did not entail the use of weapons. This intense conflict between the two superpowers affected the UN and its collective s ecurity functions because of its inherent structural defect. It would seem that the name United Nations is not the same as match nations because five of its members are not only given permanent standing but a compulsive veto vote. When the organization was established in 1945, the countries which fought together with the Axis powers namely, the US, USSR, the United Kingdom (UK), China, and France were accorded permanent seating area in the Security Council (SC) (Krasno 2004). As members of the P5, both the US and the USSR, together with the other three countries, have the mend veto power over any draft resolution of the UN (Zhu & Hearn 1999).

Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics Research Paper

Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics - Research written report ExampleSuch an analysis is done in the context of personal and organizational ethics and determine between non-for profit and for profit business organizations. To drive the thesis in this particular context, sizablewill Industries world-wide and CarHop Automobiles are used as representatives of non-for profit and for profit business respectively to address the theory of end making on the concept of morality within the consequalism and deontogical ethical orientations. Therefore, there is general agreement that for twain profit and non-profit businesses must be socially responsible in considering ethical norms set by society. (Friedman, 1988) Good Will Industries foreign History and Rationale for existence In 1902, Dr. Edgar J. Helms, a Methodist minister and his associates theme of an idea of establishing a non for profit organization which later saw the birth of Good Will International Industries estab lished in Boston in the same socio-economic class. The then Methodist Minister took a burlap bag and headed straight to the wealthiest households of Boston requesting for charitable donations but not money. As people started recognizing the need for kindness and giving, Dr. Edgar opened the stores and hired people occasionally when the need arose especially to assist in repairing of some of the alter items and re-sale the donated products to convert them into monetary value. ( thanksgiving Industries International, 2012) Goodwill Industries International is a non for profit organization established in the year 1910 in a bid to assist individuals with disabilities, those who lack education or job experience or face challenges related to employment. Goodwill Industries achieve its program objectives through training of these identified individuals for careers inside their gage so that they are provided with equal employment opportunities. Later in the years, Helm visited Morgan Me morial Cooperative Industries and Stores, Inc where he learned various innovative approaches that were used in the organization, which then inspired him to start using Morgans innovative approaches to doing in its programs and started a local industry at Brooklyn called Goodwill Industries employing improved techniques to Morgans business. deep down the very many years that have marked its existence as a non-for profit organization, Goodwill has generated $4 billion in revenue. In his own statement Helms characterizes Goodwill as an a 2-dimensional program that provides for the industrial needs as well as a social program, providing employment, training and in any case rehabilitating people who have limited access to employment, and replenishing resources to underprivileged persons in the social set up (Goodwill Industries International, 2012) In the foregoing context, Goodwill Industries operates on a mission to enhance the dignity and quality of life of individuals and families by strengthening communities, eliminating barriers to prospect, and helping people in need reach their full potential through instruction and the power of work. According to Goodwill, 2012 webpage, the organization envisions a society where every person has an equal opportunity to achieve his/her fullest potential and participate in and contribute in all aspects of life. To order to achieve the said(prenominal) vision, Goodwill recognizes the value of respect, stewardship, ethics, learning and innovation. Rationale for existence The organization started by providing programs at Brooklyn in approximately lacking social service with regard to employment. However, it soon became evident that similar situations were also experienced in other parts of the country, hence forming

Occupational Therapy Assistant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

occupational Therapy Assistant - Essay ExampleThe decision I made has been coupled by a make do of adjustments I have to make in my life so as to be the perfect soul I want to be. Being that my occupation involves interaction with people of different ages, I am encyclopedism how to handle the old and young patients who might be put under my care. The old need excess treatment as well as the young.Since the work as an occupational therapist assistant may mean operative in hospitals, outpatient clinics, schools, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes and even mental health facilities, I am currently adapting to different lives and different people. I know it is not a walk in the jet working in a mental health facility, but yet again, I understand how oftentimes these patients need someone like me to look after them. For this reason, having understood the difficulty involved in working under these conditions, I have trained myself to be adaptable to any circumstances that might b e associated with my

Social Theory and Culture Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Theory and Culture Identity - Essay ExampleFor example, the legacies of slavery, colonialism and imperialism took birth as the outlet of governing bodies or regimes, impacted the communities bringing intimately new social constructs and structures under which the societys psychological spaces or maps evolved, contributing to changes in Social Theories and redefining of Cultural Identities. (Adapted from Powell & Moody, 2003) This dissertation shall briefly analyze, the evolution ofthe concepts of identity and community and their meaning in contemporary social thought, through the constructs of social theorists like Zygmut Bauman, Heelas, Alasdair MacIntyre, Chales Taylor, and Selingman etc.The community, according to communitarian discourse of Bauman (2001), has its bag solely on that of a sh ared agreement in the midst of its members or followers. The communitarian discourse is constructed upon two theories that, 1) tidy sum are individuals who should resolve their own p roblems and 2) that community should be built upon fraternal sharing community has consequently an ethical foundation. These two are combined and collaborated, leading to almost confusing notions of community, as when he states, When subjected to such(prenominal) evaluation we see community for what it is numb or dead (Bauman 2001 p11). He further elucidates the relationship between cultures and identity - according to him, in the postmodern condition, cultures seem to be rather break up and in addition, this fragmented culture allows individuals to select their own identities. He explains with contemporary examples of Blair, Clinton and others, attempting to put freedom and security on an tear down platform, by rebuilding the idea of the community within a postmodern world. In short he argues that, we as individuals should be both with the Other and for the Other. It is the poor whom are cast as the Other in communitarianism discourse. The difference between being - with and bei ng - for the Other is about the level of commitment that we have for the Other, about having an emotional engagement with the Other (Best, 2002). In contrast, the world seems to be a society that has lost its honorable bearings in an unprecedented way, in the perception of the moral philosophers like Alasdair MacIntyre. (Oakes, 1996) MacIntyre points to the teleological alternative as the lone(prenominal) remaining solution to this moral degradation, and combines the concepts of liberalism, laissez-faire capitalism, Marxism, and utilitarianism as proof for his science-fiction metaphor. Teleology according to MacIntyre, is the study of final causes, goals, purposes, and aims exchangeable to and filled with Aristotles concepts. Consequently, the term Teleological is crucial to MacIntyres solution, the loss of which is the cause of the catastrophe described in his science-fiction parable. The concept of Emotivism is introduced here as a doctrine that all critical judgments and mor e specifically all moral judgments are nothing but expressions of preference, expressions of attitude or feeling, insofar as they are moral or evaluative in character (MacIntyre, 1984, pp.10-11). Relationship between the identity in a heroic society has been explained as that which involves speciality and accountability. I am answerable for ding or failing to do what anyone who occupies my role owes to others and this accountability terminates only

Disease Focus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Disease Focus genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Assignment ExampleBesides hospitalization and a weakened immune system, other risks factors that result into acquisition of genus Pseudomonas transmittances includes serious illness, invasive medical procedures especially surgery and long-term treatment with antibiotics.Pseudomonas aeruginosa exists as the most common bacterial infection that largely affects kernel and blood of weak patients. The bacterium infects heart valves of patients who are intravenous drug ab givers or with artificial heart valves. Within the blood, pseudomonas causes bacteremia, commonly plunge amongst blood cancer patients or those who has pseudomonas infections in other parts of the body.The rod-shaped bacteria too cause eye and ear infections especially in cases of injury and old age respectively. In adults, pseudomonas aeruginosa normally causes detrimental ear infections resulting into hearing complications, death, or facial paralysis. Injury problems, ex tensive burns, extensive use of contact lenses, and corticosteroid eye medications normally act as risk factors for potential pseudomonas infection. at that place also exists potential respiratory tract -pseudomonas infection amongst adults resulting into community-acquired pneumonia. In most cases, sick adults normally luff higher prevalence of severe community-acquired pneumonia.Urinary tract also acts as a potential infection site for pseudomonas aeruginosa. Such urinary tract pseudomonas infections results from medical instruments, after surgery, or due to catheterization. Lung also acts as potential site for pseudomonas aeruginosa infection mainly due to risk factors including inveterate lung diseases, congestive heart failure, cystic fibrosis, or antibiotic therapy (CDC, 2014).According to the Gilbert et al., 2014 skin and soft waver exists as the most common potential site for pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (Gilbert et al., 2014). It is imperative to

Impact of Technology and Community Policing on Eliminating the Street Essay - 1

Impact of Technology and confederacy Policing on Eliminating the Street Gangs - Essay ExampleSince the entry of the technology in the market, the constabulary force has been capable to improve the security levels in the streets and public parks. In an example, through CCTV cameras and other technologies, it has become possible for the police to react on time, an aspect that has played a significant role in reducing cases of mop up and extortions in the neighborhoods. This is an indication that the government and the people need to embrace the role of technology in moderate crimes and crime related activities. For instance, the police need to shift from the use of the traditional methods of communities and instead start the use of social media in order to receive the grievances from the residents. This would play a significant role in ensuring that in that respect is no vacuum in the society which can be used by the gangs to terrorize the locals. In addition, it would enable th e police to be up-to-date with what is happening. Moreover, such technology would be significant in providing a platform where the honor enforcers can interact and share ideas on how to improve the security in the area. The local people are the ones who are affected. As a result, they might give options or ideas on how to extinguish the street gangs in the society. Street gangs exist in areas where there is no effective coordination between the law enforcers and the local population. In many cases, citizens accuse the law enforcers of complacency, especially when dealing with petty issues. However, when young propagation is brought up in lawless areas, they are likely to fall into the acts of the gangs. Therefore, the parents and the police need to work in concert in order to ensure that all people are safe. This cannot be achieved when there are fault games between the police and the public.

Tesla Vs. Edison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tesla Vs. Edison - Essay Exampleentions, they were two individuals with different personalities and mind frames leading to Tesla using vagary when it came to inventions while Edison was a sketcher and somehow disorganized. Edison however bagged all over 1000 patents while Tesla had less(prenominal) than 300 patents. Edison is estimate of as the father of moving pictures, light bulbs and phonography while Tesla is the father of radio, television, telephone and even cell phones ground on his futuristic thinking (McNichol 70).A DC causation is much simpler than AC and hence less effective. The DC power is utilize at a shorter distance powers as it lasts for short time and necessarily constant change or recharging. It is used in smaller electronic devices as a result. It is commonplace in cell phones, computers and new(prenominal) automotive systems. It is also and used by equipment that does not require a lot of power like lamps. Since his type of power is less effective, it is stored in batteries and used as a form of back up for a short period of time before the AC power use can resume.The AC on the other hand can be transmitted over long distances and hence distributed from transformers and power plants that are far away like the way the Niagara Falls supplies electricity to neighboring states thousands of miles away. The AC is also cheaper than the DC as the wires used are less costly, can be operated easily and can be used by a wide range of electric equipment. This is what is used in most homes and industries. It is however costly in terms of stepping it up and stepping it down when necessary as a result of the equipment used (Howell 64).The AC power was the first one to be developed and invented and it was through with(p) by Tesla. The DC was a counter invention by Edison but he did it with the assistance of other slew before him. It was a way of bringing down the AC invention and make people use it more but it turned out to be less effective th an AC and whole used as a form of backup or for the smaller electrical equipment.The war of

Compare and contrast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compare and strain - explore Paper ExampleConsequently, the cardinal stories may present a conflict that exists between two parties that also express some differences in the cause, plot, batchting, and resolution of the existing conflict. Plot and Themes In the story, punishment, the al-Qaida that is brought out in terms of multifaceted human interrelations and behaviors is the theme of women inhibition. The author aims at enlightening the stupefy of women in the society in relation to social issues and the sacrifices they read to conduce to put the point to the society. The two women puts it clearly in the storyline that they are against their husbands commands on their life. The storyline seeks to open the womens eyes to freedom from heavy men regardless of the price whereby Chandara is determined to die rather than marrying a man the she knew would name authority of her life. Furthermore, the two women, Radha and Chandara, have a fierce relationships and the author in dicates that the two spent most of their judgment of conviction fighting despite their close family relationship ties. Surprisingly, Dukhiram kills his wife Radha after a quarrel but the education given to the authorities is very different whereby the br other(a) to Dukhiram inflicts his wife Chandara as the suspect in regard of his bother. This instance further reveal the complex relation s that the two men and their women. The story ends with Chandara universe found guilty of an offence not committed but could not defend herself against her husband because of the oppressive powers men had over their women in India. However, the story The conscience of the court, brings out the theme of loyalty and devotion, but at the same time brings out the theme of, human relationship, oppressive human behavior, and desire of men to ill-use women in the society. This is different from punishment because the black interior(prenominal) worker was loyal to her master in contrast to the case whereby the two wives did not show loyalty to their husbands. Lee, the domestic worker stands out of her limit to cling to her masters, Miss Clairborne, property despite having a loan to the white man. I am an unlearnt cleaning lady and common-clad (Hurston 102) indicate that Lee had few opportunities to pay the loan. However, Beasley the owed white man by Lee was determined to oppress Lee further by confiscating her employee property that would have rendered her jobless. Lee makes a sacrifice that no other woman would do to protect the property by confronting the man out of the loyalty she has for her master and she states, I love her so hard, and I cant help myself (Dabritz 112). Setting Both the stories are set on a close human relationship background whereby the story by Hurston involves a domestic worker and her master and that of Tagore entails a family. The story punishment is set in in an Indian liquidation to depict the Indian culture. Indian women have less power in the society whereby men have a history of oppressing them because of their culture. The story is set on family background to put out the theme of women conquest by the culture and the injustices that Indian women face in courts despite being innocent. The context reveals the approaches that the society should take to incorporate western practices and principles without dissolving the Indian cultur

Third World Development Strategies Research Paper

Third World Development Strategies - look Paper ExampleThe country is the largest worldwide producer with a capacity of 10,500, 000 barrels per day. This accounts for nearly 10% of global fuel requirements. Following the Arab- Israeli war of the seventies, global oil prices escalated making Saudi-Arabian Arabia executes the well-nigh prosperous nation in the Middle East. The country is among the few countries, which enjoy favorable international trade. In addition, Saudi Arabian economy has a considerable surplus compared to its trading partners. In the mid-1980s, global economies were in love by an element of uncertainty and planning which considerably reduced oil importations and oil budgets. Following the phenomenon, Saudi Arabia oil production dropped from about 10 gazillion barrels per day to about 2 million barrels per day. This robbed Saudi its position as the key producer in OPEC and settled for the production quota system. inwardly this system, the countrys oil produ ction was largely governed by a desire to maintain its commercialise share. Saudi in the Lost Decade. The lost decade is the stinting period between the 1980s and 1990s, which was characterized by severe economic hardships in Latin American countries. The lost decade was also characterized by a negative economic growth, increased poverty, and high debts. This make global creditors such as the IMF travel to regressive actions and structural policy as an effort of controlling global credit crisis. The monetary policies made by the IMF and other global monetary organizations had a significant impact on Saudi Arabian economy.... Saudi in the Lost Decade (1980s) The lost decade is the economic period between 1980s and 1990s, which was characterized by severe economic hardships in Latin American countries. The lost decade was also characterized by a negative economic growth, increased poverty and high debts. This made global creditors such as the IMF impose regressive actions and struct ural policy as an effort of controlling global credit crisis. The monetary policies made by the IMF and other global monetary organizations had a significant impact on Saudi Arabian economy. This was experienced as either a direct impact or an indirect impact resulting from global oil prices and fluctuating global energy demands. Similarly, other economies in the Middle East such as Qatar, UAE, and Kuwait were experiencing similar economic fluctuations. However, Qatar experienced a steady economic progress that was marked by an increase in the total gross domestic product from US $ 655 million in 1970s to $ 2000 million in 1978. Qatar is the only country in the Middle East that experienced a collateral economic growth during the 1978-1979 oil shock. Other countries such as Kuwait and UAE also enjoyed considerable economic growth resulting from opening of new oil fields and increasing global oil prices. Economies in the southwestward East Asia such as Vietnam and South Korea had a slightly different shift during the 1980s. The main disparity between the two economies and Saudi Arabia is the exportation of oil and the influence of western economies. Saudi Arabia became a snapper of interest for global powers during the lost decade. The presence of oil and the escalating fuel demand made Saudi Arabia to become a close ally of America and

Sir Richard Hawkins Essay Example for Free

Sir Richard Hawkins EssaySir Richard Hawkins was an explorer, soldier and privateer. He followed in his father foot timbers and became a well-respected mariner. He explored his whole live and never stopped looking for adventure out on the open see. We began with his live on land, then his maritime days and last end up at why he was such an important explorer and sea farer. Sir Richard Hawkins flavour began in Plymouth around 1562 to Katherine and basin Hawkins. His dad was a famous Elizabethan explorer. Richard Hawkins never went to school. He grew up in the company of numerous mariners, including his father, William Hawkins, his uncle and Sir Walter Raleigh, learning about the sea and its trade. When he was 22 he went on his first expeditions with his uncle, William, to Brazil. This was the start of Richards Hawkins expeditions and life on see. Richard Hawkins married Judith (Dame) Hele and had 6 children. The first, born in Deptford in 1592 was Judith, and then came Margre t in 1603, John in1604, Richard, Johan 1607 and Mary. He bought the house and manor of Poole and Slapton located between Dartmouth and Start Point.This is where you spent the geezerhood of 1603 to 1605 writing a criminal record called Observations on His Voyage into the South seas, AD 1593. Richard at the age of 58 he continued his adopt for adventure by leading and expedition to the Mediterranean against the Barbary or North African pirates. Richard died on April 17, 1622 at the age of 60 in Slapton England. Richard Hawkins had many adventures at sea and continued to for as long as he lived. While on his trip to Brazil with his uncle, he captained one ship and was second rule of another. They arrived back in Plymouth in November of 1582 with a bounty of around 8000.000 cr accepts.His next captaining job was of the Duck which carried of 240 guns of Spains and forced Spain to concentrate on strengthening their colonies defense. 2 years later he was captain his own ship called th e Swallow, which he led against the Spanish Armada along with lending two more of his own ships. This was a battle lead by the Spanish against the British because of the protestant rule of Elizabeth I and piracies by British ships against the Spanish trade. It is said that Richards ship was the most damage. In 1590 Richard navigateed with his father, who commanded a fleet of 6 ships to sail along the Spanish coast plundering goods.In 1593 he obtained a ship from his father, first named contrition by his mother yet changed to Dainty by the Queen. He departed Plymouth, crossed the Atlantic and raided Valparaiso, but was captured by several ships, 1300 Spaniard against his 75 men. He surrendered after the third day after being weakened on the condition his men be set free. He was imprisoned in Peru for 3 years and then in Madrid, where he attempted to escaped but was caught. He was ransomed for 3,000 in 1602 which his step mother begrudgingly paid. When he return home he was knight ed by King James the I, became mayor of Plymouth and its MP in the parliament. Sir Richard Hawkins was a very important man, a solider, navigator, shipbuilder, commander, father, son and employee. He is best known for his voyage to South Africa.Richard Hawkins as well discovers the Falkland Islands which he mapped and named Hawkins Maidenland. Hawkins wrote the memories of his first sea trip under the title Voiage into the South Sea, which became the most famous Elizabethan adventure, re-published by the Hakluyt Society and reworked in Charles Kingsleys Westward Ho He also used three of his own ships in the Armada in which he fought and risked his life and property to help the British won. He also was in Englands politics as a parliament member. He bombarded the Spanish fleets by stealing gold and treasures, enabling England to compete with Spain and supporting his country.Also, when he was captured by Spain he turn overd himself for his crew. Without Richard sacrifice his crew co uld have been killed. From the beginning with Richardss father also being an important mariner, it makes sense that Richard should befit a mariner that surpasses his father. From the start of his first time to sea at 22 he never stopped seeking exploration and adventure. Without his contributes to exploration, parliament, the Armada, his novels, and his sacrifices to his men, country and family, the world would not be the same.

Elizbeth Bishop Personal Response Intro Essay Example for Free

Elizbeth Bishop Personal Response Intro EssayThe poetry of Elizabeth Bishop appeals to me because she writes about things which are relevant, in a remarkably vivid and vital way. Bishops misfortune in life has inspired her to write distressing poems in which she describes to us the loss she suffered at an early stage in her childhood. She also tells us about her deepest and darkest moments in life. Out of Bishops troubled life, her poetry was born. Bishop has a painters eye and she vividly describes the world around her. She has a astute eye for detail and this is shown in the descriptive language in her poetry. Her strong sense of imagery draws the subscriber into her poetry.The themes exploded in Bishops poetry have universal appeal. What pay backs Bishops poetry particularly appealing is her ability to make ordinary everyday objects seem fascinating. Through Bishops poetry we see how close observation leads the poet to have some(prenominal) moments of awareness where she experiences several epiphanies. These moments of awareness are highly dramatic but extremely interesting. The poems Sestina, First dying In Novia Scotia, Filling Station, The Fish, The Armadillo and The Prodigal all demonstrate various issues such as reputation and childhood memories.What appealed to me most about Bishops poetry was her use of striking and powerful imagery. I good enjoyed The Fish for its unusual imagery and detailed description. I was drawn into the poem immediately as she says, I caught a tremendous seek. She describes the fish as battered, venerable and homely. Bishop then goes on to compare the fish to everyday domestic items. His brown skin hung in strips / like ancient wallpaper. I found this educational activity particularly appealing as it evoked a sense of homely familiarity in me.

Pros and Cons on Death Penalty Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons on Death Penalty EssayMs. Pat Johnson ENG-099 Pros and Cons of aid Suicide Argument Essay When death is knocking at your door, do you answer or sheer the call? Unfortunately, some people answer the call willingly. Euthanasia is painless killing of a patient of suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. All motives are compassionate for a patient, whether the killing is by a direct action, such(prenominal) as a lethal injection, or by failing to perform an action necessary to maintain life. The euthanasia movement started in l935 in Britain, in l938 in the U S A, and in l980 in Canada (catholicapologetics). Opinion polls show clean support of 60 percent in the USA, 74 percent in Canada, and 80 percent in Britain (catholicapologetics). Many people disagree that death is a decision upon GOD but, why make a person suffer more pain being alive? Today, many people are against euthanasia because they feel that it is murder.This is beca use there are certain cons of euthanasia that compel them to think this way. Firstly, medical learning has make great advancements in the recent years. There is almost always a cure available for a disease. So euthanasia should not be kept as a viable option. One of the early(a) cons of euthanasia is that sometimes there is pressure from family members who want to induce death for their own gains. The doctor may get influenced by the ideas that are put forward by them.In that case it becomes very problematical to decide whether euthanasia was completely necessary or was influenced by the family members. Sometimes even medical science cannot predict with certainty the fate of a patient. In such cases, euthanasia would mean snatching away the chances of a patients survival. There are many cases where mercy killing has often been misused. To prevent such manhandling euthanasia should be prohibited. Something that concerns the life of a person should not be left in the undecided fo r people to play around with.

Evidence Based Practice in Mental Health Nursing Essay Example for Free

severalise Based Practice in Mental wellness treat EssayOne of the most putting green and disabling psycho lawful disorders encountered within cordial health and general medical settings is that of an anxiety disorder (Dattilio Kendall 2000). look has indicated that population with acquisition disabilities are more ordinary to psychological disorders than the general population (Hassiotis et al 2000) therefore it could be hypothesised that prevalence rates of anxiety disorders are similar if non greater within the instruction disabled population. Professional literature suggests that cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) has been an useful give-and-take against anxiety disorder (Beck 1995) however this literature has predominately toil some(prenominal) its focus to within the confines of psychogenic health and general medical settings (Dattilio Kendall 2000).The ability of people with reading disabilities to identify, evaluate and respond to their dysfunctional th oughts and beliefs, fundamentals of CBT (Beck 1995) have put into read/write head the very use of this interposition programme for this particular client group (Kroese et al 1997). From a professional and personal perspective and with the utilisation of the Seedhouse (1998) Ethical Grid responding to an anxiety disorder by way of CBT could be considered an ethically pleasing clinical intervention. Nationally and locally d wholeness government directives, Valuing concourse (Department of wellness 2001) and initiatives much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Health Action Plans (Department of Health 2002) function have treasure that they need to be more responsive to the mental health needs of people with learning disabilities. As a learning disability nurse deprivation to ascertain the durability of CBT as a practical intervention when presented with the dual-diagnosis of anxiety disorder and learning disability, is through the use of demonstration-based design.When deciding on the best possible clinical intervention for an set drill conundrum it seams logical to convert the issue into a single answerable question (Colyer Kamath 1999). Several authors have identify that the use of frameworks to inform the enlargement of the clinical question put up the practitioner with a regular attend of formulating an answerable question (Sackett et al 1997 Ridsdale1998). One such framework as telld by Sackett et al (1997) is a four- stage process, known by the acronym PICOPatient or PopulationIntervention or index chassisComparison or ControlOutcomeThe construction of an answerable question is the basis of licence-based coiffe and should function the practitioner to how to attend an answer (Ridsdale 1998). It is important that each variable under the PICO framework is clearly localized, universe as detailed and explicit as possible in order to extend clarification to the question. operative through PICO methodically the practitioner would instigate the process by defining the Patient or Population. Characteristics such age, gender and diagnosis would need to be deliberated and whilst the aforementioned were easily treasure in the practice sweep as adult male, identifying appropriate nomenclature for diagnosis can prove problematic. The term Learning hinderance is oft used interchangeably in literature with terms such as, Mental Retardation and cerebral Disabilities. Learning Disability is a term with contemporary usage within the United Kingdom to describe a client group with significant development delays (Gates 1996). Whilst the idiom Learning Disability is the preferred voice communication for the question due to its contemporary usage it must be accepted that its a term not internationally recognised nor is it a term used for long in the United Kingdom (Gates 1996). concern disorder comes in m either facets and can be described as severe psychological disorders in which abnormal or chronic anxiety interferes with dail y living (Adams Bromley 1998). The client in the practice field of operations had described psychological and physiological symptoms that were diagnosed as a social anxiety disorder through order scales and self-report measures. It is crucial that the practitioner is aware that the term identified for the question as social anxiety is often recognised by the synonyms, social phobia or panic disorder (Dattilio Kendall 2000). The recognition of this inconsistent terminology will enable an evaluation totake place betwixt the relationships of the chosen term to symptoms displayed by the client.The designation of existing clinical interventions is a valuable part of the process of developing endorsed-based interventions (Meijel 2003). Literature suggests that CBT is an effective treatment for a itemise of psychological disorders (Embling 2002 Hatton 2002). Central to the model of CBT is that distorted or dysfunctional thinking is prevalent in all psychological disorders (Beck 199 5). Analysis of accumulated experience of existing interventions and the aforementioned depict of its hardness led to the application of CBT as the question intervention.It is not imperative for the question to have a analogy intervention and this was the situation in the clinical problem described, therefore the conclusive element utilising the PICO framework was way out. The outcome should be measurable (Sackett et al 1997) and after initially trivialising with the term used it became evident that this would not develop into something that could be measured. Discussing whether or not an intervention is effective however would stand the question with a measurable outcome. Revision of the terminology identified through the PICO framework would accordingly rede the question as Is cognitive-behaviour therapy an effective intervention for adult males with learning disabilities diagnosed as suffering from social anxiety?A well-formulated appear scheme is an essential component in gathering appropriate severalize (Hewitt-Taylor 2002). Ridsdale (1998) discusses a four-stage attend strategy that helps to translate the question into a meaningful face a) Identify the subject elements of the questionb) Define the relationship between the subject elementsc) Convert the subject elements into search themesd) Decide on the scope of the searchAssistance to define the subject elements can be strand within the PICO framework Patient Learning Disability, companionable frettingIntervention CBTOutcome EffectivenessOnce identified an effective means of linking the subject elements of a question for the search process is through the use of operators. Operators such as And Or Not, form a logical link between the elements of the question and can be used collectively or individually in any electronic database search (Ridsdale 1998). All of the subject elements of the question were required in order provide a conclusive answer therefore the operator required for th e search strategy could be identified as And. The subject elements then require conversion into terms by which references can be retrieved (Ridsdale 1998). A keyword search would apply the terms identified as the subject elements, however making a inclination of the known synonyms of the subject elements such as Intellectual Disability and Mental Retardation, for inclusion, would substantially develop the search process.Finally the scope of the search decides what is wanted from the search. In order to identify the most appropriate emblem of testify that is required for the practice problem the type of question asked must be identified (Sackett et al 1997). The question developed through the PICO framework can be readily identified as questioning, the force of a therapy. Sackett et al (1997) proposes that the best available recount to answer this type of question is comparative / future studies and ideally random controlled trials (RCTs) which in refer determine the choice o f database (Ridsdale 1998).Sackett et al (1997) provides a comprehensive sort out of information resources such as databases, journals and web sites along with descriptionsof the type of evidence that can be found within these resources. It was established previously that the best type of evidence for the question would be RCTs and comparative / likely studies. From the descriptions supplied by Sackett et al (1997) it could be identified that the Cochrane Library supplies the user with expert text imperious reviews of set up of health- do interventions along with bibliographies of controlled trials.Further electronic databases identified through Salford University library information services were PsycINFO that contains citations and summaries of journal articles and books in the field of psychology chosen for its congruity with the clinical intervention. Swetswise an electronic journal aggregator that provides access to full text publications from several major health care rel ated academic publishers and IngentaConnect which offers full text availableness for all core Blackwell science and medical journals were chosen due to acquainted(predicate)ity of use and extensive subject matter. different databases considered were CINAHL, EMBASE and AMED however all were discounted due to their general nursing bias.Despite the recognition of Ridsdales (1998) four-stage search strategy and its systematic approach the initial search were completed exploiting familiar strategies through the IngentaConnect database. Preconceptions from previous endeavours searching for rele vanguardt evidence furnished the belief that a similar strategy would provide sufficient evidence to answer the question. A number of the subject elements were used through keyword searches whilst the operator And was used to link each in turn (See Appendix). This easy to use search strategy produced a number of hits however none matched the criteria identified as being the most appropriate type of evidence to answer the question. The search revealed that almost all of the evidence found belonged in either mental health (Heimberg 2002) or general medical settings (Scholing Emmelkamp 1999).Whenever the term learning disability or mental retardation was utilised they invariable appeared indiscriminately amidst the title or countermand of the article providing no ad hoc relevance to the question. The frustration born out of this strategy led to advance searches of electronic databases firstly through another familiar database, Swetswise. Ridsdale (1998) identifies that to a fault many hits will be regain if the subject element is to generaland this was evident in the first keyword search. The term learning disabilities produced 548 hits (See Appendix) far too many to feasibly scan. The subsequent four searches failed to produce a single hit a possibility in any case recognised by Ridsdale (1998) who suggests alternative synonyms are utilised in this circumstance.Due to the inability to find any relevant material of value towards answering the question Ridsdales (1998) four-stage strategy was then conscientiously adopted in conjunction with the knowledge acquired through lectures received at Salford University. A further search of Swetswise database was completed (See Appendix) which revealed significantly less hits than previously achieved but produced a literature review (Hatton 2002) specifically aimed at the use of CBT and people with learning disabilities. Whilst this evidence did not fulfil previous identified criteria it established that pursuing Ridsdales (1998) strategy could provide some success. A similar approach was undertaken while searching the Cochrane Library database which allows the user to restrict the search to the acquisition of systematic reviews and controlled trials whilst using a simple keyword option. Again the subject elements were utilised along with the recognised operator and despite new found confidence and knowledg e the search strategy revealed no evidence of systematic reviews or RCTs with regards to the question (See Appendix). All systematic reviews or RCTs retrieved belonged within general and mental health settings.The final electronic database to be utilised was PsycINFO (via Ovid) where again Ridsdales (1998) four-stage strategy was conscientiously adopted. PsycINFO requires the user to have some prior knowledge of how to use electronic databases and their search strategies, which initially can prove bewildering to the novice. Once familiar with the database and its ability to combine search strategies either through keyword, journal or author the user should find it a practical resource (See Appendix). No systematic reviews or RCTs were found within the results however a further literature review (Feldman Rivas-Vazquez 2003) aimed at psychosocial interventions and people with intellectual disabilities was unearthed along with evidence from child and adolescence services (Dadds Spenc e 1997) and psychiatric services (Carmin Albano 2003).Hatton (2002) suggests that research evidence on the effects of psychosocial interventionsfor people with learning disabilities is sparse, whilst Kroese (1998) adds that therapists are indisposed(p) to engage into therapy with this client group due to their dislike of having to relate to them. In an attempt to discover any type of evidence relating to people with learning disabilities and CBT the Salford University library catalogue was searched (See Appendix). A simple keyword search revealed one book (Kroese et al 1997) attaining the subject elements however again it did not produce the type of evidence recognised as the most appropriate to answer the question.Sackett et al (1997 p.2) defines evidence based practice asthe conscientious, explicit, and able use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.With this comment in mind it should be established as to what constitutes current be st evidence and its implications for the practitioner deficiency to implement evidence based practice. Belsey Snell (2001 p.2) states that, evidence is presented in many forms and the value of evidence can be ranked according to the following classification in descending order of credibilityI. Strong evidence from at least one systematic review of multiple well-designed randomised controlled trialsII. Strong evidence from at least one properly designed randomised controlled trial of appropriate sizeIII. Evidence from well-designed trials such as non-randomised trials, cohort studies, time series or matched case-controlled studiesIV. Evidence from well-designed non-experimental studies from more than one centre or research groupV. Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical evidence, descriptive studies or reports of expert committeesIn accepting this hierarchy of evidence practitioners should concede that the systematic review of multiple well-designed RCTs constitutes be st available evidence (Colyer Kamath 1999). Sullivan (1998) adds weight to this argument when he states that RCTs constitute the strongest source of evidence and that the scientific community prefer the duodecimal research technique that makes use of empirical data following a systematic process.Whilst a number of RCTs were found (Dadds Spence 1997 Scholing Emmelkamp 1999) whilst undertaking the search strategy none belonged within learning disability settings. The only evidence found specific to the original question were literature reviews and a specialist book (Kroese et al 1997) aimed at CBT and learning disabilities. The literature reviews (Hatton 2002 Kroese 1998) revealed that a number of case studies and a case series had demonstrated the voltage feasibility of CBT reducing anxiety amongst people with learning disabilities. Whilst the specialist book (Kroese et al 1997) discussed conceptual and contextual issues of CBT and people with learning disabilities suffering anx iety disorders. This type of evidence appears in the lower reaches of the hierarchy of evidence and as such its subjectivity, reliability and validity can be disputed (Sullivan 1998).Whilst acknowledging the hierarchy of evidence and the device that comparative / prospective studies and ideally RCTs were the best forms of evidence to answer this type of question (Sackett et al 1997) it appears that in their absence the evidence revealed is the best available. RCTs are widely acknowledged as the gold standard of evidence-based practice (Rowland Goss 2000) however it is suggested that they bear little resemblance to day-to-day reality (McInnes et al 2001). RCTs can be hardheaded or explanatory the former is concerned with the overall effectiveness of an intervention whilst the latter examines the impact of specific treatment elements on outcome (Parry 2000) however neither considers the perspectives and uniqueness of the respondents.The evidence recovered for the question (Hatton 2 002 Kroese 1998) albeit in the lower reaches of the hierarchy acknowledges the feelings of the respondents due to its qualitative nature (patient centred, holistic and humanistic) therefore making it extremely satisfactory for the study of nursing phenomena (Parahoo1997) along with its relevance as regards answering a therapy question (Parry 2000).Kroese (1997) offers a number of reasons why there is this lack of quantitative research evidence surrounding the subject elements in the question. He suggests that people with a learning disability are a devalued population, it is impossible to ensure that changes are due to clinical manipulations if individuals (learning disabled) do not have stable cognitions. Finally there is a think that anxiety in people with learning disabilities is the same as in the general population consequently there is no need for specifically focused research. It emerges that learning disability services continue to lodge research evidence from general and mental health settings (Finlay Lyons 2001) a similar approach with the RCTs recovered from the search strategy could make them a valued resource however it would take a skilled clinician to make this a feasible option.Reflection is a necessary component of Continuing Professional Development and is a legitimate method for questioning personal effectiveness and responsibility in all aspects of health care (Driscoll Teh 2001). Through the process of reflection the practitioner recognised his own limitations in identifying appropriate evidence for his clinical problems, along with the often inconclusive, time consuming and frustrating strategies undertaken in the search of evidence in set up of his clinical practice.The structured frameworks utilised throughout the process described earlier gave the practitioner a systematic approach to formulating a question, developing a search strategy and identifying appropriate evidence to answer his practice problem. The ability to systematic ally approach future clinical problems will enable the practitioner to offer his clients a holistic, client centred practice from the best external evidence available.Adams, B. Bromley, B. (1998) psychology for Health Care Key foothold and Concepts, London, Macmillan PressBeck, J.S. (1995) Cognitive Therapy Basics and Beyond, London, GuildfordPress.Belsey, J. Snell, T. (2001) What is Evidence-Based Medicine? Internet Available from www.jr2.ox.uk/bandolier (Accessed 7th December 2004)Carmin, C.N. Albano, A.M. (2003) Clinical circumspection of Anxiety Disorder in Psychiatric Settings Psychologys Impact on Evidence-Based Treatment of Children and Adults, Professional Psychology interrogation and Practice, Vol. 34, No. 2 pp 170-176.Colyer, H. Kamath, P. (1999) Evidence-based practice A philosophical and political analysis some matters for consideration by professional practitioners, journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp 188-193Dadds, M.R. Spence, S.H. (1997) Prevention and Early Intervention for Anxiety Disorders A Controlled Trial, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol. 65, No. 4, pp 627-635.Dattilio, F.M. Kendall, P.C. (2000) Panic Disorder In Dattilio, F.M. Freeman, A. Cognitive Behavioural Strategies in Crisis Interventions second Edition, London, The Guildford Press.Driscoll, J. Teh, B. (2001) The potential of reflective practice to develop individual orthopaedic nurse practitioners and their practice, Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing, Vol. 5, pp 95-103Embling, S. (2002) The effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy in depression, Nursing Standard, Vol. 17, Nos. 14-15, pp 33-41Feldman, L.B. Rivas-Vazquez, R.A. (2003) Assessment and Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder, Professional Psychology Research and Practice Vol. 34, No. 4, pp 396-405.Gates, B. (1996) Learning Disability In Kenworthy, N. Snowley, G. Gilling, C. (Eds) Common Foundations Studies in Nursing morsel Edition, London,Churchill Livingston.Hassiotis, A. Barron, P. OHa ra, J. (2000) Mental Health Services for People with Learning Disabilities, British Medical Journal, Vol. 321, Issue 7261, pp 583-584Hatton, C. (2002) Psychosocial interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities and mental health problems A review, Journal of Mental Health, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp 357-373.Hewitt-Taylor, J. (2002) Evidence-based practice, Nursing Standard, Vol. 17, Nos. 14-15, pp 47-52.Department of Health (2001) Valuing People A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century, A White Paper, London, HMSO.Department of Health (2002) Health Action Plans and Health Facilitation Good Practice Guidance for Learning Disability Partnership Boards, London, Department of Health.Heimberg, R.G. (2002) Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder Current Status and Future Directions, Society of Biomedical Psychiatry, Vol. 51, pp 101-108.Kroese, B.S. Dagnan, D. Loumidis, K. (1997) (Eds) Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities, London, Brunner-Routledge.Kroese, B.S. (1998) Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, Vol. 26, pp 315-322.McInnes, E. Harvey, G. Fennessy, G. Clark, E. (2001) Implementing evidence-based practice in clinical situations, Nursing Standard, Vol. 15, No. 41, pp 40-44.Meijel, van B. Game, C. Swieten-Duijfjes, van B. Grypdonck, M.H.F. (2003) Thedevelopment of evidence-based nursing interventions methodological considerations, Journal of Advance Nursing, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp 84-92.Parry, G. (2000) Evidence-based psychotherapy In Rowland N. Goss S. (Eds) Evidence-Based Counselling and mental Therapies Research and Applications, London, Routledge.Ridsdale, L (1998) (Ed) Evidence-based Practice in Primary Care, London,Churchill Livingston.Rowland, N. Goss, S. (2000) (Eds) Evidence-Based Counselling and Psychological Therapies Research and Applications, London, Routledge.Sackett, D.L. Richardson, W.S. Rosenberg, W. Hayes, R.B . (1997) Evidence-based medicine how to practice and teach EBM, London, Churchill Livingston.Scholing, A. Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (1999) Prediction of treatment outcomes in social phobia a cross-validation, Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol. 37, pp 659-670Seedhouse, D. (1998) ethical motive The Heart of Health Care 2nd Edition, Chichester,Wiley.Sullivan, P. (1998) Developing evidence-based care in mental health nursing, Nursing Standard, Vol. 12, No. 31, pp 35-38

History of education Essay Example for Free

History of schooling set about gentility is the most powerful weapon which you support use to change the world. Nelson Mandela The importance of learning is to enable the individual to put his potentials to optimal use. Education specifys man a right thinker and a slump decision-maker. It achieves this by bringing him knowledge from the external world, teaching him to reason and acquainting him with past history, so that he seat be a weaken judge of the present. With cultivation, he finds himself in a room with all its windows pass on to the outside world. A well educated man is a more than dependable worker, a better citizen, a centre of wholesome influence, pride to his community and honour to his country. A nation is great only(prenominal) in proportion of its advancement in reproduction. Education is Self Empowerment. Receiving a comfortably education makes a person strong enough to look after himself in any habituated situation. It keeps him aware of the given surrounding as well as the rules and regulations of the society.Its only through knowledge that one can fountainhead authority for its negligence or discrepancies and only then that can a person avail his rights as a citizen and seek improvement in the structural functioning of governance and economy. As a whole, pile can bring about development only when they know where improvement is necessary for the greater good of mankind. Education gives a better understanding to the person, it helps realize potential and qualities one possesses as a gracious being. It helps tap into latent talent, so that people can sharpen their skills.Education teaches what man lives and struggles for. It cultivates an integrated life. By so doing, it gives significance of life. It helps restores financial stability and dignity of life. It is the essential basis of a good life. Education enlightens and lifts a nation to heights of progress. The problem in India is that it has adopted democracy without p reparing the ground for it by educating population. just its never too late to undertake mass programmes of cock-a-hoop education or Social education.Adult education is the education of grown up men and women. In the complex modern times, people moldiness be knowledgeable and be aware of what they are doing and what is being done to them. To create such horse sense every responsible citizen should take up this social cause and educate the knowledge deprived people. instruction a daily worker for just an hour daily can change their lives in lucky ways as it was rightly quoted by Neil Armstrong, One small step is a giant rebound for mankind.In recent history our country has taken up good measures to ensure a high educated population by taking up several social causes and concentrating on the agricultural areas, since they comprise a majority however the system has been laid back due the restraints imposed by old cultural ethics. For the past few centuries in India, the girl ha s been completely neglected even as a humanity being, her sole purpose of life has been to feed the family and bear a child. Good education has been denied to women.It is argued that women have their domestic duties to perform and that, if they were educated, they would bury themselves in their books and have little time for attending to the management of their households. But what people fail to understand is education involves knowledge of the means by which health may be preserved and enable a mother to consult such modern books as leave behind tell her how to rear up her children into healthy men and women and skilfully nurse them and her husband, when disease attacks her household.The purpose of education is not just earning a livelihood but education makes an individual into a good human being, which is passed on to the next the kith and kin. It is true that, the education of girls has lately taken a slight leap but this is only in a very small segment of Indian society. U nless the motion is fast and continuous, and includes more of poor urban and rural girls in the field of education, there can be no intrust of having a developed and first world country status for India.When a man is educated, only he is educated but, when a woman is educated, a family is educated. Indira Gandhi Education is the great engine of personal development. It is through education that the daughter of a peasant can become a doctor, that the son of a mineworker can become the head of the mine, that a child of farworkers can become the president of a great nation. It is what we make out of what we have, not what we are given, that separates one person from another. Nelson Mandela.

Sources of Finance Essay Example for Free

Sources of pay EssayFinanceFinance is the study of how poseors al settle down their as solidifyings over metre under conditions of certainty and uncertainty. A key point in pay, which affects decisions, is the meter value of silver, which states that a whole of currency today is worth more(prenominal) than the same unit of currency tomorrow. Finance aims to price assets ground on their risk level, and expected rate of return. Finance seat be broken into three polar sub categories public pay, corporate pay and personal finance. Why Do Businesses Need Finance?Finance is the bullion available to spend on bloodline effort affects. Right from the moment someone thinks of a business idea, there needs to be coin. As the business grows there argon inevitably greater calls for more bullion to finance expansion. The day to day running of the business alike needs money. The main reasons a business needs finance are to* Start a businessDepending on the caseful of busine ss, it pull up stakes need to finance the vitiate of assets, materials and employing people. There allow also need to be money to consider the running be. It whitethorn be some time in the lead the business generates enough cash from gross revenue to pay for these salutes.* Finance expansions to production strengthAs a business grows, it needs higher(prenominal) capacity and new technology to cut unit costs and keep up with competitors. New technology back end be relatively expensive to the business and is seen as a long barrier investment, beca custom the costs leave outweigh the money saved or generated for a considerable period of time. And remember new technology is non just dealing with computer systems, but also new machinery and tools to perform processes quicker, more expeditiously and with greater quality.* To set about and market new productsIn fast moving markets, where competitors are constantly update their products, a business needs to spend money on dev eloping and marketing new products e.g. to do marketing research and test new products in pilot markets. These costs are not normally covered by sales of the products for some time (if at all), so money needs to be pinchd to pay for the research.* To enter new marketsWhen a business seeks to expand it may look to cuckold their products into new markets. These peck be new geographical areas to sell to (e.g. export markets) or new fibers of customers. This costs money in terms of research and marketing e.g. advertising campaigns and setting up retail outlets.* Take-over or encyclopedismWhen a business buys another business, it forget need to reclaim money to pay for the acquisition (acquisitions involve significant investment). This money ordain be utilize to pay owners of the business which is being bought.* mournful to new premisesFinance is requisite to pay for simple expenses such(prenominal) as the cost of undertake of removal vans, through to relocation packages for employees and the installation of machinery. * To pay for the day to day running of businessA business has many calls on its cash on a day to day basis, from paying a supplier for raw materials, paying the wages through to buying a new printer cartridge.* surplus situationsFor example, a decline in sales, possibly as a result of economic recession, could lead to cash needs to keep the business stable.Types of financeIt is pivotal to take a leak access to money, in order to kale and run a business. There are many ways to get money, all businesses need money. Where the money comes from is known as blood lines of finance. Now there are two different types of sources of finance internal (finance from privileged the business) and external (finance from outside the business). New businesses starting up need money to invest in long-term assets such as buildings and equipment. They also need cash to acquire materials, pay wages, and to pay the day-today- bills such as water and elect ricity. In-experienced entrepreneurs (or social entrepreneurs) a great deal underestimate the enceinte needed for the everyday running of the business. Generally, for every deoxyguanosine monophosphate required to establish the business, another 1000 is needed for day-to-day needs. This is why sources of finance are pivotal for any business.Internal sources of finance* Retained compensationFor any company, the amount of earnings bear within the business has a direct impact on the amount of dividends. Profit re-invested as bear earnings is profit that could soak up been paid as a dividend. The major reasons for using persist ined earnings to finance new investments, rather than to pay higher dividends and accordingly raise new loveliness for the new investments, are as follows a) The management of many companies believes that retained earnings are funds which do not cost anything, although this is not true. However, it is true that the use of retained earnings as a source of funds does not lead to a payment of cash. b) The dividend policy of the company is in practice determined by the directors.From their standpoint, retained earnings are an attractive source of finance because investment projects can be undertaken without involving both the shareholders or any outsiders. c) The use of retained earnings as opposed to new shares or debentures avoids vent costs. d) The use of retained earnings avoids the possibility of a change in control resulting from an issue of new shares. The advantage of using retained profits is thatit does not expect to be repaid as in the case of contribute while the disadvantages can be that new business or loss making business may not buzz off any retained profits and a business may have retained profits which are too few to finance the expense needed. Own savingsPersonal saving is an advantage for entrepreneurs this pass on prevent stress and pressure of gathering money from scratch. Savings can be from previous e mployments, inheritance, and redundancy. This go away be a positive head start for the business and a service of process hand also advantage is its delight expel. Moreover there is no need to borrow money externally and it is a quick way for the firm to obtain finance. On the other hand savings may be too low to finance the expense needed. PartnershipThis is when two savings is utilise to help start the business. This is an advantage as there is more money and less pressure. There is a disadvantage for this scheme sometimes entrepreneurs may fall out over disagreements.* Sale of assetsSome companies often find that they have assets that are no longer fully employed. These could be change to raise cash. In addition some businesses will sell assets that they still intend to use, but which they do not need to own. In these cases the assets might be sold to a leasing specialist and leased back by the company. This will raise metropolis and there will be better use of the existent capital in the business. However it may take some time to sell off these assets.* Decrease the amount of computer memory heldIts advantage is that it reduces the opportunity cost and storage cost of high stock level while a drawback might be that stock level should be kept to avoid disappointing customers.External sources of finance* SharesThis option is only applicable to special companies. They can raise finance by issuing shares. usual particular(a) company will obviously be able to raise more finance since it can sell its shares to the public. There are two waysin which businesses can issue shares. They can either go for a new issue or right issue. Selling shares to a new issue will simply mean that new members will be invited to join the business as shareholders. This rule of rising capital can be expensive to organize. In addition the more share sold would mean a loss of control to the lord shareholders.A right issue of share is where existing shareholders obtain the right to buy new shares in proportion to their current holding. This will avoid the chore of new shareholders changing the balance of ownership. The benefit is that issue shareholders is permanent source of capital which does not have to be repaid back unlike desire gives while a disadvantage may be that if the business is going for a new issue of shares, it might be costly and at the same time implies a loss of control for the original owners.* Bank lendingBorrowings from argots are an important source of finance to companies. Bank lending is still mainly short term, although medium-term lending is quite common these days. Short term lending may be in the form ofa) An overdraft, which a company should keep within a limit set by the bank. Interest is charged (at a changeable rate) on the amount by which the company is overdrawn from day to day b) Long term loan may be offered at either a versatile or a fixed interest rate. Lending to smaller companies will be at a margin above the banks base rate and at either a variable or fixed rate of interest. Lending on overdraft is always at a variable rate. A loan at a variable rate of interest is sometimes referred to as a go rate loan. Longer-term bank loans will sometimes be available, usually for the purchase of property, where the loan takes the form of a mortgage. When a banker is accepted by a business customer for a loan or overdraft facility, he will consider several factors, known commonly by the mnemonic PARTS. Purpose Amount Repayment depot SecurityThe advantage is that it is quickly to arrange and the business can obtain different sums of money, sometimes coarse amount which can be paid over a long period of time. However the bank will have to be paid in addition with interest and also banks may ask for collateral security.* Hire purchaseHire purchase is a form of installment point of reference. Hire purchase is similar to leasing, with the excerption that ownership of the goods passes to the hi re purchase customer on payment of the final credit installment, whereas a lessee never becomes the owner of the goods. The advantage is that the firm does not need to pay for the good now curiously if it requires a huge sum of money while on the other hand interest rate has to be paid and this often makes the goods more expensive.* Government assistanceThe government provides finance to companies in cash grants and other forms of direct assistance, as part of its policy of helping to develop the national economy, especially in high technology industries and in areas of high unemployment. For example, the Indigenous Business Development Corporation of Zimbabwe (IBDC) was set up by the government to assist small indigenous businesses in that country. Its benefit is that it does not have to be repaid back and the drawback is that businesses can only obtain help if they follow the conditions attached to it. For example, the need to locate in areas which are poorly developed.* Venture capitalVenture capital is money put into an enterprise which may all be lost if the enterprise fails. A businessman starting up a new business will invest venture capital of his own, but he will belike need extra funding from a source other than his own pocket. However, the term venture capital is more specifically associated with putting money, usually in return for an equity stake, into a new business, a management buy-out or a major expansion scheme. Venture capital firms usually look to retain their investment for between three and seven years or more. The term of the investment is often link to the growth profile of the business.Investments in more mature businesses, where the business performance can be meliorate quicker and easier, are often sold sooner than investments in early- portray or technologycompanies where it takes time to develop the business model. Just as management teams compete for finance, so do venture capital firms. They raise their funds from several sou rces. To obtain their funds, venture capital firms have to demonstrate a good sign record and the prospect of producing returns greater than can be achieved through fixed interest or quoted equity investments.Most UK venture capital firms raise their funds for investment from external sources, mainly institutional investors, such as pension funds and insurance companies. Venture capital firms investment preferences may be bear on by the source of their funds. Many funds raised from external sources are grammatical constructiond as exceptional Partnerships and usually have a fixed life of 10 years. Within this period the funds invest the money committed to them and by the end of the 10 years they will have had to return the investors original money, plus any additional returns made. This generally requires the investments to be sold, or to be in the form of quoted shares, before the end of the fund.* Borrowing from friends and familyThis is also common. Friends and family who are supportive of the business idea provide money either directly to the entrepreneur or into the business. This can be quicker and cheaper to arrange (certainly compared with a standard bank loan) and the interest and repayment terms may be more flexible than a bank loan. However, acceptation in this way can add to the stress faced by an entrepreneur, particularly if the business gets into difficulties.* wad creditBy delaying the payment of bills for goods or serve received, a business is, in effect, obtaining finance. Its suppliers are providing goods and services without receiving prompt payment and this is as good as lending money. Its advantage is that it is an interest free of financial rate. However the suppliers might not agree or even refuse to supply the goods in the future if ever payment is not made quickly.* LeasingIt is where a firm can use an asset without the need to purchase it. The advantage is that there is no need to find large sums of money to purchase the asset and care and maintenance of the asset is the responsibility of theleasing company whereas a disadvantage might be that the pith cost of the leasing charges may be higher than purchasing the asset.* Factoring debtDebt factors are specialist agencies that buy the debts of firms for immediate cash. However they will only give the company selling its debts 90% of the existing debts, the be will represent the factors profit. The benefit is that the company selling is debts will obtain immediate cash and the risk of collecting the debt is transferred to thee debt factor. On the other hand, the firm selling its debt does not receive the total value of its debts.Factors to be considered when choosing sources of financeWhen a firm needs finance, it becomes crucial to pick how much finance they need and for how long. It can ruin or make a business. A firm will have a wide range of sources to choose finance from such as a bank loan or overdraft, share capital, venture capital, profit, or tr ade credit. However, some sources of cash are fit scoop up for short term while others are best for long term and some are suited for little injections of cash while others are suited to huge injections of cash. Before a business decides what source of finance it should choose, they need to ask the question* How Much Finance Can the Business Obtain?* The type and amount of finance that is available will depend on several factors. These are as follows The type of business a sole trader will be limited to the capital the owner can put into the business plus any money he or she is able to borrow. A limited company will be able to raise share capital. In order to become a public limited company, it will need to share capital of 50,000+ and a track record of success. This will make borrowing easier. The stage of development of the business a new business will find it much harder to raise finance than an established firm. As the business develops it is easier to persuade outsiders to invest in the business. It is also easier to obtain loans as the firm has assets to offer as security. The state of the economy when the economy is booming, business assumption will be high.It will be easy to raise finance both from borrowing and from investors. It will be more difficult for businesses to find investors wheninterest rates are high. They will invest their money in more secure accounts such as building societies. Higher interest rates will also put up the cost of borrowing. This will make it more expensive for the business to borrow. These factors will help make the firm decide how much it needs or can borrow. So, at this stage the business knows how much it needs and in the space period it needs it for. Here are the nigh logical solutions to sources of finance for short/long term and high/low finance* Amount needed* Shares issue and sales of debentures, because of the administration and other costs, would generally be used only for large capital sums.* Small bank loans or reducing debtors payment period could be used to raise small sums.* Cost * Obtaining finance is never free, even internal finance may have opportunity cost.* Loans may become very expensive during a period of rising interest rates.* A stock exchange flotation can cost millions of dollars in fees and promotion of the share sale.* Legal structure and desire to retain control* Share issues can only be used by limited companies- and only limited companies can sell shares directly to the public. Doing this runs the risk of the current owners losing some control except if a right issue is used.* If the owners want to retain control of the business at all costs, then a sale of shares might be unwise.* Size of existing borrowing* This is a key issue- the higher the existing debts of a business (compared with its size), the greater the risk of lending more. Banks and other lenders will become spooky about lending more finance.* This concept is referred to as gearing.* Flexibility* When a firm has a variable need for finance- for example, it has a seasonal pattern of sales and cash receipts- a flexible form of finance is better than a long term and inflexible source.

Intellectual Craftsmanship Essay Example for Free

Intellectual Crafts firearmship adjudicateTO THE INDIVIDUAL social scientist who feels himself a part of the classic tradition, social science is the practice of a craft. A man at black tendenc so distant on problems of substance, he is among those who ar quickly made impatient and wear d avow by elaborate newss of method-and- conjecture-in-general so frequently of it interrupts his proper studies. It is often times better, he believes, to stool ace grudge by a r apieceing student of how he is going nearly his work than a xii , codifications of procedure by specialists who as oft quantifys as non be possessed of never d bingle much work of consequence. Only by conversations in which puzzled turn overers exchange information ab bring out their actual slip guidance of working tolerate a useful sense of method and theory be imparted to the protrudening student. I feel it useful, in that locationfore, to report in round detail how I go about my craft. This is necessarily a in-person rig manpowert, but it is compose with the hope that some opposites, especially those beginning independent work, testament make it little ain by the facts of their own visualize.1.It is best to begin, I think, by reminding you, the beginning student, that the virtually admir fitting thinkers in spite of appearance the assimilatorly lodge you return chosen to join do not split their work from their lives. They come out to scud both too seriously to allow such(prenominal) dissociation, and they want to use each for the enrichment of the other. Of course, such a split is the prevailing convention among men in general, deriving, I suppose, from the hollowness of the work which men in general now do. however you pull up stakes hand recognized that as a scholar you have the exceptional opportunity of designing a way of living which volition encourage the habits of unassailable workmanship.Scholarship is a choice of how to live as hearty as a choice of c areer whether he get alongs it or not, the intellectual workman forms his own self as he works toward the flawless(prenominal)ness of his craft to realize his own potentialities, and any opportunities that come his way, he constructs a subject which has as its content the qualities of the level-headed workman. What this means is that you essential learn to use your life make in your intellectual work continually to examine and interpret it. In this sense craftsmanship is the centimeer ofyourself and you are personally problematical in e precise intellectual product upon which you may work. To say that you put forward have experience, means, for unity thing, that your one(a)time(prenominal) plays into and affects your present, and that it defines your capacity for future, experience. As a social scientist, you have to control this rather elaborate interplay, to capture what you experience and sort it out and in this way can you hope to use it to guide and flying field your reflection, and in the process shape yourself as an intellectual craftsman. and how can you do this?One help is you must pit up a charge, which is, I suppose, a sociologists way of saying keep a journal. Many creative writers keep journals the sociologists need for systematic reflection demands it. In such a file as I am going to describe, there is joined personal experience and professional activities, studies below way and studies planned. In this file, you, as an intellectual craftsman, give try to devil together what you are doing intellectually and what you are experiencing as a person. Here you will not be afr support to use your experience and relate it directly to various work in progress.By serving as a retrovert on repetitious work, your file also enables you to conserve your energy. It also encourages you to capture fringe-thoughts various ideas which may be by-products of e reallyday life, snatches of conversation overheard on the street, or, for that matter, dreams. Once noted, these may lead to much systematic thinking, as strong as lend intellectual relevance to more directed experience. You will have often notice how carefully accomplished thinkers incubate their own minds, how closely they observe their development and organize their experience.The origin they gem their smallest experiences is that, in the course of a lifetime, modem man has so very(prenominal) little personal experience and however experience is so important as a source of original intellectual work. To be able to trust yet to be skeptical of your own experience, I have come to believe, is one mark of the mature workman. This ambiguous confidence is indispensable to originality in any intellectual pursuit, and the file is one way by which you can develop and goodify such confidence.By keeping an adequate file and and then developing self-reflective habits, you learn how to keep your inner world awake. Whenever you feel strongly about i n timets or ideas you must try not to let them pass from your mind, but instead to formulate them for your files and in so doing mint out their implications, show yourself either how foolish these feelings or ideas are, or how they cogency be articulated into nut-bearing shape. The file also helps you build up the habit of constitution. You cannot keep your hand in if you do not write something at least every week.In developing the file, you can experiment as a writer and thus, as they say, develop your powers of expression. To maintain a file is to apply in the controlled experience. One of the very worst things that happens to social scientists is that they feel the need to write of their plans on only one occasion when they are going to ask for money for a peculiar(prenominal) piece of research or a project. It is as a request for funds that most planning is done, or at least carefully written about.However standard the practice, I think this very bad It is bound in some g round take aim to be salesmanship, and, presumption prevailing expectations, very seeming to result in painstaking pretensions the project is likely to be Presented, rounded out in some arbitrary manner long before it ought to be it is often a contrived thing, aimed at getting the money for ulterior purposes, however valuable, as well as for the research presented. A practicing social scientist ought periodically to review the state of my problems and plans. A young man, just at the beginning of his independent work, ought to reflect on this, but he cannot be expected-and shouldnt expect himself-to get very far with it, and certainly he ought not to become rigidly committed to any one plan. About all he can do is line up his thesis, which unfortunately is often his start-off supposedly independent piece of work of any length. It is when you are about half-way finished the time you have for work, or about one-third through, that such reviewing is most likely to be fruitful -and perhaps even of interest to others.Any working social scientist who is well on his way ought at all propagation to have so legion(predicate) plans, which is to say ideas, that the inquire is always, which of them am I, ought I, to work on next? And he should keep a special little file for his master agenda, which he writes and rewrites just for himself and perhaps for discussion with friends. From time to time he ought to review this very carefully and purposefully, and sometimes too, when he is relaxed. Some such procedure is one of the indispensable means by which your intellectual enterprise is kept oriented and below control.A widespread, informal interchange of such reviews of the state of my problems among working social scientists is, I suggest, the only hind end for an adequate statement of the leading problems of social science. It is unlikely that in any free intellectual community there would be and certainly there ought not to be any monolithic array of problems. I n such a community, were it flourishing in a vigorous way, there would be interludes of discussion among individuals about future work.Three kinds of interludes-on problems, methods, theory-ought to come out of the work of social scientists, and lead into it again they should be shaped by work-in-progress and to some extent guide that work. It is for such interludes that a professional association begins its intellectual reason for being. And for them too your own file is needed. Under various topics in your file there are ideas, personal notes, excerpts from restrains, bibliographical relics and outlines of projects.It is, I suppose, a matter of arbitrary habit, but I think you will find it well to sort all these items into a master file of projects, with many subdivisions. The topics, of course, change, sometimes quite an frequently. For instance, as a student working toward the precedent examination, writing a thesis, and, at the same time, doing term news reports, your fi les will be place in those three areas of endeavor. But after a year or so of graduate work, you will begin to re-organize the totally file in relation to the main project of your thesis. past as you pursue your work you will notice that no one project ever dominates it, or sets the master categories in which it is arranged. In fact, the use of the file encourages expansion of the categories which you use in your thinking. And the way in which these categories change, some being dropped and others being added-is an index of your intellectual progress and breadth. Eventually, the files will come to be arranged according to several large projects, having many sub-projects that change from year to year. All this involves the taking of notes.You will have to acquire the habit of taking a large volume of notes from any worth-while book you read-although, I have to say, you may get better work out of yourself when you read really bad books. The first quality in translating experience, either of other mens writing, or of your own life, into the intellectual sphere, is to give it form. Merely to name an item of experience often invites you to explain it the mere taking of a note from a book is often a prod to reflection. At the same time, of course, the taking of a note is a great aid in comprehending what you are recital.Your notes may turn out, as mine do, to be of dickens sorts in reading certain very important books you try to grasp the structure of the writers argument, and take notes accordingly but more frequently, and after a few years of independent work, rather than read entire books, you will very often read parts of many books from the point of view of some particular theme or topic in which you are interested and concerning which you have plans in your file. Therefore, you will take notes which do not fairly represent the books you read. You are using this particular idea, this particular fact, for the realization of your own projects.2 But how is thi s file-which so far must seem to you more like a curious sort of literary journal-used in intellectual production? The maintenance of such a file is intellectual production. It is a continually growing store of facts and ideas, from the most vague to the most finished. For example, the first thing I did upon deciding on a study of the selected was to make a crude outline based on a listing of the types of state that I wished to understand. Just how and why I inflexible to do such a study may suggest one way in which ones life experiences feed ones intellectual work.I forget just when I became technically concerned with stratification, but I think it must have been on first reading Veblen. He had always seemed to me very loose, even vague, about his business and industrial employments, which are a kind of translation of Marx for the academic American public. At any rate, I wrote a book on labor organizations and labor leaders-a politically motivated task then a book on the middle classes-a task primarily motivated by the desire to articulate my own experience in New York City since 1945.It was thereupon suggested by friends that I ought to round out a trilogy by writing a book on the upper classes. I think the possibility had been in my mind I had read Balzac off and on especially during the forties, and had been much interpreted with his self-appointed task of covering, all the major(ip) classes and types in the society of the era he wished to make his own. I had also written a paper on The Business Elite, and had collected and arranged statistics about the careers of the topmost men in American government activity since the Constitution.These two tasks were primarily inspired by seminar work in American history. In doing these several articles and books and in preparing courses in stratification, there was of course a residue of ideas and facts about the upper classes. Especially in the study of social stratification is it difficult to forefend going bey ond ones immediate subject, because the reality of any one stratum is in large part its dealings to the rest. Accordingly, I began to think of a book on the elite.And yet that is not really how the project arose what really happened is (1) that the idea and the plan came out of my files, for all projects with me begin and end with them, and books are simply organize releases from the continuous work that goes into them (2) that after a while, the whole set of problems involved came to dominate me. After making my crude outline I examined my entire file, not only those parts of it that obviously bore on my topic, but also those which seemed to have no relevance whatsoever. resourcefulness is often successfully invited by putting together hitherto isolated items, by finding unsuspected connections. I made new units in the file for this particular range of problems, which of course, led to new arrangements of other parts of the file. As you re-arrange a filing system, you often find that you are, as it were, loosening your whim. Apparently this occurs by means of your attempt to combine various ideas and notes on different topics. It is a sort of logic of combination, and misfortune sometimes plays a curiously large part in it.In a relaxed way, you try to engage your intellectual resources, as exemplified in the file, with the new themes. In the present case, I also began to use my observations and passing(a) experiences. I thought first of experiences I had had which bore upon elite problems, and then I went and talked with those who, I thought, might have experienced or packed the wall plugs. As a matter of fact, I now began to alter the character of my routine so as to include in it (1) people who were among, those whom I wanted to study, (2) people in close contact with them, and (3) people interested in them usually in some professional way.I do not bonk the full social conditions of the best intellectual workmanship, but certainly surround oneself b y a circle of people who will listen and talk-and at times they have to be imaginary characters-is one of them. At any rate I try to surround myself with all the relevant environment-social and intellectual-that I think might lead me into thinking well along the lines of my work. That is one meaning of my remarks to a higher place about the fusion of personal and intellectual life. Good work in social science like a shot is not, and usually cannot be, made up of one clear-cut falsifiable research. It is, rather, composed of a good many studies which at key points anchorman general statements about the shape and the trend of the subject. So the decision-what are these anchor points? -cannot be made until existing materials are re-worked and general hypothetical statements constructed. now, among existing materials, I found in the files three types relevant to my study of the elite several theories having to do with the topic materials already worked up by others as evidence for those theories and materials already gathered and in various stages of accessible centralization, but not yet made theoretically relevant.Only after completing a first draft of a theory with the aid of such existing materials as these can I efficiently locate my own important assertions and hunches and design researches to test them-and maybe I will not have to, although of course I know I will later have to shuttle back and frontward between existing materials and my own research. Any final statement must not only cover the data so far as the data are forthcoming and known to me, but must also in some way, positively or negatively, take into, ac debate the on hand(predicate) theories.Sometimes this taking into account of an idea is tardily done by a simple confrontation of the idea with overturning or supporting fact sometimes a detailed analysis or qualification is needed. Sometimes I can arrange the available theories systematically as a range of choices, and so allow their range to organize the problem itself. (1) But sometimes I allow such theories to come up only in my own arrangement, in quite various contexts. At any rate, in the book on the elite I had to take into account the work of such men as Mosca, Schumpeter, Veblen, Marx, Lasswell, Michel, Weber, and Pareto.In looking over some of the notes on these writers, I find that they offer three types of statement (a) from some, you learn directly by restating systematically what the man says on given points or as a whole (b) some you accept or refute, fine-looking reasons and arguments (c) others you use as a source of suggestions for your own elaborations and projects. This involves grasping a point and then communicate How can I put this into testable shape, and how can I test it? How can I use this as a center from which to elaborate-as a perspective from which descriptive details emerge as relevant?It is in this handling of existing ideas, of course, that you feel yourself in continuity with previous work. Here are two excerpts from preliminary notes on Mosca, which may illustrate what I have been trying to describe In addition to his historical anecdotes, Mosca backs up his thesis with this assertion Its the power of organization that enables the minority always to rule. There are organized minorities and they run things and men. There are unorganized majorities and they are run. (2) But why not also consider (1) the organized minority, (2) the organized majority, (3) the unorganized minority, (4) the unorganized majority.This is worth full-scale exploration. The first thing that has to be straightened out just what is the meaning of organized? I think Mosca means capable of more or less continuous and co-ordinated policies and actions. If so, his thesis is right by definition. He would also say, I believe, that an organized majority is unsurmountable because all it would amount to is that new leaders, new elites, would be on top of these majority organizations, and he is quite ready to pick up these leaders in his The Ruling Class. He calls them directing minorities, all of which is delightful flimsy stuff alongside his big statement.One thing that occurs to me (1 think it is the core of the problems of definition that Mosca presents to us) is this from the ordinal to the twentieth century, we have witnessed a shift from a society organized as 1 and 4 to a society established more in terms of 3 and 2. We have moved from an elite state to an organization state, in which the elite is no longer so organized nor so unilaterally powerful, and the mass is more organized and more powerful. Some power has been made in the streets, and around it the whole social structures and their elites have pivoted.And what section of the ruling class is more organized than the farm bloc? Thats not a rhetorical question I can answer it either way at this time its a matter of degree. All I want now is to get it out in the open. Mosca makes one point that seems t o me excellent and worth elaborating further There is often in the ruling class, according to him, a top clique and there is this second and larger stratum, with which (a) the top is in continuous and immediate contact, and with which (b) it shares ideas and sentiments and hence, he believes, policies.(page 430) Cheek and see if anywhere else in the book, he makes other points of connection. Is the clique recruited largely from the second level? Is the top, in some way, responsible for, or at least sensitive to, this second stratum? in a flash forget Mosca in another vocabulary, we have, (a) the elite, by which we here mean that top clique, (b) those who count, and (c) all the others. Membership in the second and third, in this scheme, is defined by the first, and the second may be quite varied in its size and composition and relations with the first and the third.(What, by the way, is the range of variations of the relations of (b) to (a) and to (c)? Examine Mosca for hints and fu rther convey this by considering it systematically. ) This scheme may enable me more neatly to take into account the different elites, which are elites according to the several dimensions of stratification. Also, of course, to pick up in a neat and meaningful way the Paretian bank bill of governing and non-governing elites in a way less formal than Pareto. Certainly many top-status people would at least be in the second.So would the big rich. The Clique or The Elite would refer to power, or to authority, as the case may be. The elite in this vocabulary would always mean the power elite. The other top people would be the upper classes or the upper circles. So in a way, maybe, we can use this in connection with two major problems the structure of the elite and the conceptual-later perhaps, the of the essence(p)-relations of stratification and elite theories. (Work this out. ) From the standpoint of power, it is easier to pick out those who count than those who rule.When we try to do the first we select the top levels as a sort of loose aggregate and we are guided by position. But when we attempt the second, we must signalise in clear detail how they wield power and just how they are related to the social instrumentalities through which power is exercised. Also we deal more with persons than positions, or at least have to take persons into account. Now power in the United States involves more than one elite. How can we judge the relative positions of these several elites? Depends upon the issue and decisions being made.One elite sees another as among those who count. There is this mutual recognition among the elite, that other elites count in one way or another they are important people to one another. picture select 3 or 4 key decisions of last decade-to drop the atom, to cut or posit steel production, the C. M. strike of 45-and trace in detail the personnel involved in each of them. energy use decisions and decision-making as interview pegs when you go out for intensives. 3 There comes a time in the course of your work when you are through with other books.Whatever you want from them is down in your notes and abstracts and on the margins of these notes, as well as in a separate file, are ideas for observational studies. Now I do not like to do a posteriori work if I can possibly avoid it. If one has no staff it is a great deal of trouble if one does employ a staff, then the staff is often even more trouble. In the intellectual condition of the social sciences today, there is so much to do by way of initial structuring (let the word stand for the kind of work I am describing) that much empirical research is bound to be thin and uninteresting.Much of it, in fact, is a formal exercise for beginning students, and sometimes a useful pursuit for those who are not able to handle the more difficult substantive problems of social science. There is no more equity in empirical inquiry as such than in reading as such. The purpose of empir ical inquiry is to settle disagreements and doubts about facts, and thus to make arguments more fruitful by basing all sides more substantively. Facts discipline reason but reason is the advance guard in any field of learning.Although you will never be able to get the money with which to do many of the empirical studies you design, it is necessary that you get over designing them. For once you lay out an empirical study, even if you do not follow it through, it leads you to a new search for data, which often turn out to have unsuspected relevance to your problems. Just as it is foolish to design a field study if the answer can be found in a library, it is foolish to think you have exhausted the books before you have translated them into appropriate empirical studies, which still means into questions of fact.Empirical projects necessary to my kind of work must promise, first, to have relevance for the first draft, of which I wrote above they have to confirm it in its original form or they have to cause its modification. Or to put it more pretentiously, they must have implications for theoretical constructions. Second, the projects must be efficient and neat and, if possible, ingenious. By this I mean that they must promise to yield a great deal of material in proportion to the time and effort they involve. But how is this to be done?The most economical way to state a problem is in such a way as to solve as much of it as possible by reasoning alone. By reasoning we try (a) to isolate each question of fact that remains (b) to ask these questions of fact in such ways that the answers promise to help us solve further problems by further reasoning. (3) To take hold of problems in this way, you have to pay heed to four stages but it is usually best to go through all four many times rather than to get stuck in any one of them too long.The steps are (1) the elements and definitions that, from your general knowingness of the topic, issue, or area of concern, you thin k you are going to have to take into account (2) the logical relations between these definitions and elements building these little preliminary models, by the way, affords the best chance for the play of the sociological imagination (3) the elimination of false views due to omissions of needed elements, improper or unclear definitions of terms, or undue violence on some part of the range and its logical extensions (4) statement and re-statement of the questions of fact that remain.The third step, by the way, is a very necessary but often neglected part of any adequate statement of a problem. The popular awareness of the problem-the problem as an issue and as a trouble-must be carefully taken into account that is part of the problem. Scholarly statements, of course, must be carefully examined and either used up in the re-statement being made, or thrown out. Before deciding upon the empirical studies necessary for the job at hand, I began to sketch a larger design within which variou s small-scale studies began to arise.Again, I excerpt from the files I am not yet in a position to study the upper circles as a whole in a systematic and empirical way. So what I do is set forth some definitions and procedures that form a sort of ideal design for such a study. I can then attempt, first, to gather existing materials that approximate this design second, to think of convenient ways of gathering materials, given the existing indices, that satisfy it at crucial points and third, as I proceed, to make more specific the full-scale, empirical researches that would in the end be necessary.The upper circles must, of course, be defined systematically in terms of specific variables. Formally-and this is more or less Paretos way they are the people who have the most of whatever is available of any given value or set of values. So I have to make two decisions What variables shall I take as the criteria, and what do I mean by the most? After Ive tryd on my variables, I must const ruct the best indices I can, if possible quantifiable indices, in order to distribute the population in terms of them only then can I begin to decide what I mean by the most.For this should, in part, be left for determination by empirical recap of the various distributions, and their overlaps. My key variables should, at first, be general enough to give me some latitude in the choice of indices, yet specific enough to invite the search for empirical indices. As I go along, Ill have to shuttle between conceptions and indices, guided by the desire not to lose intend meanings and yet to be quite specific about them. Here are the four Weberian variables with which I will begin I.Class refers to sources and amounts of income. So Ill need property distributions and income distributions. The ideal material here (which is very scarce, and unfortunately dated) is a cross-tabulation of source and amount of annual income. Thus, we know that X per cent of the population incur during 1936 Y m illions or over, and that Z per cent of all this money was from property, W per cent from entrepreneurial withdrawal, Q per cent from wages and salaries.Along this class dimension, I can define the upper circles-those who have the most-either as those who receive given amounts of income during a given time-or, as those who make up the upper two per cent of the income pyramid. determine into treasury records and lists of big taxpayers. See if TNEC tables on source and amount of income can be brought up to date. II. status refers to the amounts of deference received. For this, there are no simple or quantifiable indices. Existing indices require personal interviews for their application, are limited so far to local community studies, and are mostly no good anyway.There is the further problem that, unlike class, status involves social relations at least one to receive and one to bestow the deference. It is undemanding to confuse publicity with deference-or rather, we do not yet know whether or not volume of publicity should be used as an index to status position, although it is the most easily available (For example On one or two successive days in mid-March 1952, the following categories of people were mentioned by name in the New York Times-or on selected pages-work this out) III.Power refers to the realization of ones will even if others resist. Like status, this has not been well indexed. I dont think I can keep it a single dimension, but will have to talk (a) of formal authority defined by rights and powers of positions in various institutions, especially military, political, and economic. And (b) powers known informally to be exercised but not formally instituted-pressure group leaders, propagandists with coarse media at their disposal, and so on. IV. Occupation refers to activities that are paid for.Here, again, I must choose just which feature film of occupation I should seize upon. (a) If I use the average incomes of various occupations, to rank the m, I am of course using occupation as an index, and as the basis of, class. In like manner (b) if I use the status or the power typically attached to different occupations, then I am using occupations as indices, and bases, of power and skill or talent. But this is by no means an easy way to classify people. Skill-no more than status-is not a homogeneous something of which there is more or less.Attempts to treat it as such have usually been put in terms of the length of time essential to acquire various skills, and maybe that will have to do, although I hope I can think of something better. Those are the types of problems I will have to solve in order to define analytically and by trial and error the upper circles, in terms of these four key variables. For purposes of design, assume I have solved them to my satisfaction, and that I have distributed the population in terms of each of them. I would then have four sets of people those at the top in class, status, power, and skill.Sup pose further, that I had singled out the top two per cent of each distribution, as an upper circle. I then confront this empirically answerable question How much, if any, overlap is there among each of these four distributions? One range of possibilities can be located within this simple chart (+ = top two per cent = lower 98 per cent). CLASS ___________________________________________ + __ STATUS STATUS ____________________________________________________________ _____________ + __ + __ + Skill + 1 2 3 4 Power __ 5 6 8 8 Skill + 9 10 11 12 __ 13 14 15 16 __________________ _______________________________________________________ This diagram, if I had the materials to fill it, would curb major data and many important problems for a study of the upper circles. It would provide keys to many definitional and substantive questions. I dont have the data, and I shant be able to get it-which makes it all the more important that I speculate about it, for in the course of such reflection, if it is guided by the desire to approximate the empirical requirements.