Roles of Transportation

CHAPTER 3. ROLE OF conveyancing IN rescript NPTEL May 7, 2007 Chapter 3 Role of communicateation in parliamentary procedure 3. 1 Overview rapture is a non separable part of e truly society. It exhibits a very close relation to the style of life, the purge and post of activities and the computables and services which will be available for consumption. Advances in violateation has make possible changes in the way of alimentation and the way in which societies be organized and therefore pitch a great in uence in the information of civilizations.This chapter conveys an understanding of the grandness of raptusation in the modern society by presenting selected characteristics of existing battery-acid systems, their use and relationships to opposite human activities. conveyancing is responsible for the development of civilizations from very old times by confluence travel indispensableness of people and transport requirement of goods. Such endeavor has changed the way pe ople sound and travel. In developed and developing nations, a large fraction of people travel daily for work,shopping and social reasons.But transport a a the like consumes a mint bumdy of resources like time,fuel, materials and land. 3. 2 Economic parting of transfer Economics involves production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. People depend upon the cancel resources to satisfy the needs of life but due to non uniform r bothy of earth and due to di erence in local resources, there is a lot of di erence in standard of living in di erent societies. So there is an coarse requirement of transport of resources from one particular society to other.These resources can range from material things to knowledge and skills like movement of doctors and technicians to the places where there is need of them. 3. 2. 1 The place, time, quality and utility of goods An example is given to evaluate the relationship among place, time and cost of a particular shell out goo d. If a commodity is produced at address A and wanted by people of another union at any point B distant x from A, so the price of the commodity is rough-cutly beneficial on the distance between devil centers and the system of transfer between cardinal points. With change system the commodity will be made less costly at B. . 2. 2 Changes in location of activities The reduction of cost of transport does not have same e ect on all locations. Let at any point B the commodity is to be consumed. This product is supplied by two stations A and K which are at two di erent distances Introduction to Transportation Engineering 3. 1 Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao CHAPTER 3. ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN SOCIETY NPTEL May 7, 2007 from B. Let at present the commodity is supplied by A since it is at a lesser distance but after wards due to improvement in path network between B and K,the point K becomes the summate point of product. . 2. 3 Conclusions Transport extends the range of sourc es of supply of goods to be consumed in an area, devising it possible for user to get resources at cheap price and laid-back quality. The use of much e cient systems of supply results in an increase in the total amount of goods available for consumption. Since the supply of goods is no longer dependent on the type of mode, items can be supplied by several(prenominal) choice resources if usual source cannot supply what is need. 3. 3 Social enjoyment of transportationTransportation has ever played an important role in in uencing the formation of urban societies. Although other facilities like availability of food and water, played a study role, the contribution of transportation can be seen clearly from the formation, sizing and mannikin, and the development of societies, especially urban centers. 3. 3. 1 Formation of settlements From the beginning of civilization, the man is living in settlements which existed near banks of major river junctions, a port, or an intersectio n of trade routes. Cities like New York, Mumbai and Moscow are good examples. . 3. 2 size and pattern of settlements The initial settlements were relatively small developments but with due bank line of time, they grew in population and developed into big cities and major trade centers. The size of settlements is not only limited by the size of the area by which the settlement can obtain food and other necessities, but also by considerations of personal travels especially the journey to and from work. The increased speed of transport and reduction in the cost of transport have resulted in transmutation of spatial patterns. . 3. 3 Growth of urban centers When the cities grow beyond normal walking distance, then transportation technology plays a role in the formation of the city. For example, many cities in the plains developed as a account city with radial routes, where as the cities beside a river developed linearly. The development of automobiles, and other factors like increas e in personal income, and construction of paved driveway network, the settlements were transformed into urban centers of intense travel activity. 3. 4 Political role of transportationThe world is divided into numerous political units which are formed for mutual protection, economic advantages and development of common culture. Transportation plays an important role in the plying of such political Introduction to Transportation Engineering 3. 2 Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao CHAPTER 3. ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN SOCIETY NPTEL May 7, 2007 units. 3. 4. 1 Administration of an area The government of an area must be able to send/get information to/about its people. It may include laws to be followed, security and other needful information needed to gene prescribe awareness.An e cient administration of a rude largely depends on how e ectively government could communicate these information to all the country. However, with the advent of communications, its importance is slightly redu ced. 3. 4. 2 Political choices in transport These choices may be classified as communication, military movement, travel of persons and movement of freight. The primary function of transportation is the transfer of messages and information. It is also needed for rapid movement of array in case of emergency and finally movement of persons and goods.The political ratiocination of construction and maintenance of roads has resulted in the development of transportation system. 3. 5 environmental role of transportation The negative e ects of transportation is much dominating than its useful aspects as far as transportation is concerned. in that respect are numerous categories into which the environmental e ects have been categorized. They are explained in the following sections. 3. 5. 1 Safety Growth of transportation has a very unfortunate impact on the society in terms of diagonals. widely distributed demolition and injuries from road accidents have reached epidemic proportions. k illed and about 15 meg injured on the road accidents annually. Increased variation in the speeds and vehicle density resulted in a high exposure to accidents. Accidents result in loss of life and permanent disability, injury, and damage to property. Accidents also causes numerous non-quantifiable impacts like loss of time, grief to the near ones of the victim, and inconve- nience to the human beings. The loss of life and damage from congenital disasters, in constellaterial accidents, or epidemic often receive significant assist from both government and public. This is because their occurrence is concentrated but sparse.On the other hand, accidents from transport sector are widespread and occurs with high frequency. For instance, a study has predicted that final stage and disabilities resulting from road accidents in comparison with other indispositions will rise from ordinal to third rank between 1990 and 2020. Road accidents as cause to death and disability could rank belo w heart disease and clinical depression, and ahead of stroke and all infectious diseases. Significant reduction to accident rate is achieved in the developing countries by improved road designed maintenance, improved vehicle design, driver education, and law enforcements.However in the developing nations, the rapid branch of personalized vehicles and poor infrastructure, road design, and law enforcement has resulted in growing accident rate. 3. 5. 2 Air befoulment All transport modes consume skill and the most common source of energy is from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, petrol, diesel, etc. The relation between air pollution and respiratory disease have been demonstrated by various studies and the detrimental e ects on the planet earth is widely recognized recently. The combustion of Introduction to Transportation Engineering 3. Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao CHAPTER 3. ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN SOCIETY NPTEL May 7, 2007 the fuels releases several contaminants into the atmosphere, including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and other particulate matter. Hydrocarbons are the result of incomplete combustion of fuels. Particulate matters are minute unharmed or liquid particles that are suspended in the atmosphere. They include aerosols, smoke, and dust particles. These air pollutants once emitted into the atmosphere , undergo mixing and disperse into the surroundings. 3. 5. preventative pollution Sound is acoustical energy released into atmosphere by vibrating or moving bodies where as encumbrance is unwanted sound produced. Transportation is a major contributor of noise pollution, especially in urban areas. racquet is generated during both construction and operation. During construction, operation of large equipments causes considerable noise to the neighborhood. During the operation, noise is generated by the engine and exhaust systems of vehicle, aerodynamic friction, and the interaction between the vehicle and the support system (road- tire, rail-wheel).Extended exposure to excessive sound has been shown to produce material and psychological damage. Further, because of its annoyance and disturbance, noise adds to mental stress and fatigue. 3. 5. 4 life force consumption The spectacular yield in industrial and economic growth during the past century have been closely related to an abundant supply of inexpensive energy from fossil fuels. Transportation sector is unbelieved to consume more than half of the petroleum products. The compact of the shortage of fuel was experienced during major wars when strict rationing was imposed in many countries.The impact of this had cascading e ects on many factors of society, especially in the price escalation of essential commodities. However, this has hardly a(prenominal) positive impacts a shift to public transport system, a look to for energy e cient engines, and alternate fuels. During the time of fuel shortage, people shifted to cheaper public transport s ystem. Policy makers and planners, thereafter gave much emphasis to the public passing which consume less energy per person. The second impact was in the development of fuel-e cient engines and devices and operational and maintenance practices.A fast depleting fossil fuel has accelerated the anticipate for energy e cient and environment friendly alternate energy source. The look is active in the development of bio-fuels, hydrogen fuels and solar energy. 3. 5. 5 another(prenominal) impacts Transportation directly or indirectly a ects many other areas of society and few of then are listed below Almost all cities uses 20-30 percent of its land in transport facilities. Increased travel requirement also require additional land for transport facilities. A good transportation system takes considerable amount of land from the society.Aesthetics of a persona is also a ected by transportation. Road networks in quite country side is optical intrusion. Similarly, the transportation facilit ies like y-overs are again visual intrusion in urban context. The social life and social pattern of a community is severely a ected after the introduction of some trans- portation facilities. Construction of new transportation facilities often require substantial motion of residents and employment opportunities. Introduction to Transportation Engineering 3. 4 Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao CHAPTER 3. ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN SOCIETY NPTEL May 7, 2007 3. stocky The roles of transportation in society can be classified consort to economic, social, political and environmental roles. The social role of transport has caused people to live in permanent settlements and has given chances of sustainable developments. Regarding political role, large areas can now be very easily governed with the help of good transportation system. The environmental e ects are usually viewed negatively. 3. 7 Problems 1. Safety criteria of transportation is viewed under (a) Political role of transportatio n (b) Environmental role of transportation c) Social role of transportation (d) None of these 2. Which of the following is not a negative impact of transportation? (a) Safety (b) Aesthetics (c) Mobility (d) Pollution 3. 8 Solutions 1. Safety criteria of transportation is viewed under (a) Political role of transportation (b) Environmental role of transportationv (c) Social role of transportation (d) None of these 2. Which of the following is not a negative impact of transportation? (a) Safety (b) Aesthetics (c) Mobilityv (d) Pollution Introduction to Transportation Engineering 3. 5 Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao